Time-to-antibiotics and clinical outcomes in patients with sepsis and septic shock: a prospective nationwide multicenter cohort study

Table 2 Risk-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for in-hospital mortality associated with administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics in 1 h

In-hospital mortality	Administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics in 1 h		p-value
In-hospital mortality	No	Yes OR (95% CI)*	p-value
All participants (n = 3035)
Overall	Reference	0.78 (0.61–0.99)	0.046
Without septic shock	Reference	0.85 (0.64–1.15)	0.300
With septic shock	Reference	0.66 (0.44–0.99)	0.049
Landmark analysis (N = 3018)
Overall	Reference	0.78 (0.61–0.99)	0.046
Without septic shock	Reference	0.86 (0.64–1.15)	0.310
With septic shock	Reference	0.65 (0.43–0.98)	0.042

Bold values indicate parameters that are statistically significant
^* To control for other potential confounding factors, age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index score (< 9 vs. ≥ 9), history of antibiotic prescription or hospitalization for two or more days within the past 90 days before presenting to the emergency department, recognition of sepsis by physicians in the emergency department, Clinical Frailty Scale score, initial SOFA score, diagnosis (sepsis or septic shock), site of infection (pulmonary vs. abdominal), identification of pathogen, admission/transfer to ICU were adjusted

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