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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants according to time-to-antibiotics < 1 h or > 1 h (n = 3035)

From: Time-to-antibiotics and clinical outcomes in patients with sepsis and septic shock: a prospective nationwide multicenter cohort study

Variables

Administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics in 1 h

p-value

No (n = 2523)

Yes (n = 512)

Age, years

74 (63–81)

75 (65–81)

0.12

Sex, male

1448 (57.4)

298 (58.2)

0.74

Body mass index, kg/m2

21.8 (4.2)

22.0 (4.1)

0.41

Comorbidity

  Diabetes mellitus

966 (38.2)

200 (39.0)

0.75

  History of myocardial infarction

259 (10.3)

51 (9.9)

0.83

  Congestive heart failure

190 (7.5)

30 (5.9)

0.18

  Chronic neurological disease

495 (19.6)

88 (17.2)

0.20

  Chronic liver disease

280 (11.1)

51 (9.9)

0.68

  Chronic kidney disease

419 (16.6)

73 (14.2)

0.19

  Connective tissue disease

63 (2.5)

13 (2.5)

0.96

  Solid malignant tumors

474 (18.8)

99 (19.3)

0.78

Charlson comorbidity index score

5 (4–7)

5 (4–7)

0.14

  ≥ 9

336 (13.2)

70 (13.7)

0.83

History of antibiotic prescription within the past 90 days

  

 < 0.01

  No

2070 (82.1)

390 (76.2)

 

  Yes

364 (14.4)

103 (20.1)

 

  Unknown

89 (3.5)

19 (3.7)

 

Hospitalization for two or more days within the past 90 days

1043 (41.3)

208 (40.6)

0.77

Clinical Frailty Scale

  

0.11

  Very fit

99 (3.9)

27 (5.3)

 

  Well

186 (7.4)

36 (7)

 

  Managing well

379 (15)

54 (10.5)

 

  Vulnerable

393 (15.6)

79 (15.4)

 

  Mildly frail

264 (10.5)

50 (9.8)

 

  Moderately frail

328 (13)

60 (11.7)

 

  Severely frail

479 (19)

115 (22.5)

 

  Very severely frail

380 (15.1)

86 (16.8)

 

  Terminally ill

15 (0.6)

5 (1)

 

Initial SOFA score

5 (4–8)

6 (4–9)

 < 0.01

Septic shock

437 (17.3)

164 (32.0)

 < 0.01

Recognition of sepsis by physicians in the emergency department

943 (37.4)

234 (45.7)

 < 0.01

Site of infection*

  Respiratory

1199 (47.5)

259 (50.6)

0.21

  Abdominal

660 (26.2)

143 (27.9)

0.41

  Urinary

131 (5.2)

31 (6.1)

0.43

  Skin/soft tissue

90 (3.6)

13 (2.5)

0.24

Type of infection

  

0.16

  Community

1673 (66.3)

324 (63.3)

 

  Nursing home-acquired

179 (7.1)

29 (5.7)

 

  Nursing hospital-acquired

331 (13.1)

75 (14.6)

 

  Hospital-acquired

340 (13.5)

84 (16.4)

 

Identification of pathogen

1380 (54.7)

308 (60.2)

0.02

ICU admission/transfer

1205 (47.8)

288 (56.3)

 < 0.01

Length of hospital stay, days

12 (6–20)

11 (6–19.5)

0.35

  1. Bold values indicate parameters that are statistically significant
  2. Data are presented as mean (SD), median (interquartile range), or number (%)
  3. ER, emergency room; ICU, intensive care unit; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment
  4. *Mutually nonexclusive