Fig. 4

Association of putative invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and Aspergillus colonization, according to Blot definition, with 28-day outcomes in overall population and according to study groups (SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and influenza pneumonia). HRs were calculated using cause-specific proportional hazard models, considering death as competing event for mechanical ventilation and length of ICU stay. Adjusted HRs were calculated by including simplified acute physiology score II, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunosuppression, recent antibiotic treatment before ICU admission, acute respiratory distress syndrome on admission, and corticosteroid treatment during ICU stay, as pre-specified covariates in Cox’s models (after handling missing values by multiple imputation). A HR > 1 indicates a decrease in survival (i.e., an increased risk for mortality), MV duration (i.e., an increased risk for extubation alive) and ICU length of stay (i.e., an increased risk for discharge alive) and a HR < 1 indicates an increase in survival (i.e., a decreased risk for mortality), MV duration (i.e., a decreased risk for extubation alive) and ICU length of stay (i.e., a decreased risk for discharge alive). P het indicates p value for heterogeneity in association of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and 28-day outcomes across study groups (SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia vs. influenza pneumonia). * Not estimable, as no patient was discharged alive within 28 days. CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; ICU, intensive care unit; IPA, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis; MV, mechanical ventilation