Characteristics | Vitamin C (n = 36,327) | Control (n = 36,327) | SMD |
---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), years | 70.7 (15.2) | 70.7 (15.5) | 0.03 |
Sex, No. (%) | − 0.02 | ||
Male | 20,093 (55) | 19,919 (55) | |
Female | 16,234 (45) | 16,408 (45) | |
Comorbidities, No. (%) | |||
Diabetes | 15,369 (42) | 15,024 (41) | 0.02 |
Hypertension | 24,236 (67) | 23,996 (66) | 0.01 |
Myocardial infarction | 1224 (3) | 1109 (3) | 0.02 |
Congestive heart failure | 6154 (17) | 5795 (16) | 0.03 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 9683 (27) | 9483 (26) | 0.01 |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 16,133 (44) | 15,852 (44) | 0.02 |
Chronic liver disease | 11,268 (31) | 11,132 (31) | 0.008 |
Chronic kidney disease | 3929 (11) | 3651 (10) | 0.03 |
Malignancy | 6965 (19) | 6679 (18) | 0.02 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 3.0 (1.9) | 2.9 (1.9) | 0.05 |
Immunosuppression, No. (%)a | 10,313 (28) | 9860 (27) | 0.03 |
Previous steroid use, No. (%)b | 4461 (12) | 4216 (12) | 0.02 |
Site of infection, No. (%) | |||
Lung | 11,088 (31) | 10,919 (30) | 0.01 |
Gastrointestinal tract | 4801 (13) | 4570 (13) | 0.02 |
Genitourinary tract | 4644 (13) | 4518 (12) | 0.01 |
Hospital capacity, No. (%) | 0.04 | ||
< 500 beds | 18,373 (51) | 18,477 (51) | |
500–1000 beds | 14,259 (39) | 14,546 (40) | |
≥ 1000 beds | 3695 (10) | 3304 (9) | |
Presented to emergency department, No. (%) | 28,337 (78) | 28,602 (79) | − 0.02 |
Medical department, No. (%) | 25,723 (71) | 25,455 (70) | 0.02 |
Septic shock, No. (%) | 18,077 (50) | 17,569 (48) | 0.03 |
Organ dysfunction, No. (%) | |||
Cardiovascular | 18,325 (50) | 17,793 (49) | 0.03 |
Respiratory | 33,080 (91) | 33,133 (91) | − 0.005 |
Neurologic | 2008 (6) | 1848 (5) | 0.02 |
Hematologic | 1032 (3) | 958 (3) | 0.01 |
Hepatic | 621 (2) | 634 (2) | − 0.003 |
Renal | 4801 (13) | 4453 (12) | 0.03 |
Metabolic | 470 (1) | 481 (1) | − 0.003 |
No. of organ dysfunctions, No. (%) | 0.05 | ||
1 | 14,955 (41) | 15,697 (43) | |
2 | 14,870 (41) | 14,602 (40) | |
3 | 4290 (12) | 3940 (11) | |
≥ 4 | 706 (2) | 702 (2) | |
Corticosteroids, No. (%) | 13,968 (38) | 13,759 (38) | 0.01 |
Thiamine, No. (%) | 7745 (21) | 3517 (10) | 0.33 |
Conventional oxygen therapy, No. (%) | 31,670 (87) | 31,858 (88) | − 0.02 |
High-flow nasal cannula, No. (%) | 4059 (11) | 3862 (11) | 0.02 |
Mechanical ventilation, No. (%) | 10,793 (30) | 10,404 (29) | 0.02 |
Renal replacement therapy, No. (%) | 2628 (7) | 2494 (7) | 0.01 |