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Table 1 Baseline patient characteristics in the matched cohort

From: Vitamin C for ≥ 5 days is associated with decreased hospital mortality in sepsis subgroups: a nationwide cohort study

Characteristics

Vitamin C (n = 36,327)

Control (n = 36,327)

SMD

Age, mean (SD), years

70.7 (15.2)

70.7 (15.5)

0.03

Sex, No. (%)

  

− 0.02

 Male

20,093 (55)

19,919 (55)

 

 Female

16,234 (45)

16,408 (45)

 

Comorbidities, No. (%)

   

 Diabetes

15,369 (42)

15,024 (41)

0.02

 Hypertension

24,236 (67)

23,996 (66)

0.01

 Myocardial infarction

1224 (3)

1109 (3)

0.02

 Congestive heart failure

6154 (17)

5795 (16)

0.03

 Cerebrovascular disease

9683 (27)

9483 (26)

0.01

 Chronic pulmonary disease

16,133 (44)

15,852 (44)

0.02

 Chronic liver disease

11,268 (31)

11,132 (31)

0.008

 Chronic kidney disease

3929 (11)

3651 (10)

0.03

 Malignancy

6965 (19)

6679 (18)

0.02

Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD)

3.0 (1.9)

2.9 (1.9)

0.05

Immunosuppression, No. (%)a

10,313 (28)

9860 (27)

0.03

Previous steroid use, No. (%)b

4461 (12)

4216 (12)

0.02

Site of infection, No. (%)

   

 Lung

11,088 (31)

10,919 (30)

0.01

 Gastrointestinal tract

4801 (13)

4570 (13)

0.02

 Genitourinary tract

4644 (13)

4518 (12)

0.01

Hospital capacity, No. (%)

  

0.04

 < 500 beds

18,373 (51)

18,477 (51)

 

 500–1000 beds

14,259 (39)

14,546 (40)

 

 ≥ 1000 beds

3695 (10)

3304 (9)

 

Presented to emergency department, No. (%)

28,337 (78)

28,602 (79)

− 0.02

Medical department, No. (%)

25,723 (71)

25,455 (70)

0.02

Septic shock, No. (%)

18,077 (50)

17,569 (48)

0.03

Organ dysfunction, No. (%)

   

 Cardiovascular

18,325 (50)

17,793 (49)

0.03

 Respiratory

33,080 (91)

33,133 (91)

− 0.005

 Neurologic

2008 (6)

1848 (5)

0.02

 Hematologic

1032 (3)

958 (3)

0.01

 Hepatic

621 (2)

634 (2)

− 0.003

 Renal

4801 (13)

4453 (12)

0.03

 Metabolic

470 (1)

481 (1)

− 0.003

No. of organ dysfunctions, No. (%)

  

0.05

 1

14,955 (41)

15,697 (43)

 

 2

14,870 (41)

14,602 (40)

 

 3

4290 (12)

3940 (11)

 

 ≥ 4

706 (2)

702 (2)

 

Corticosteroids, No. (%)

13,968 (38)

13,759 (38)

0.01

Thiamine, No. (%)

7745 (21)

3517 (10)

0.33

Conventional oxygen therapy, No. (%)

31,670 (87)

31,858 (88)

− 0.02

High-flow nasal cannula, No. (%)

4059 (11)

3862 (11)

0.02

Mechanical ventilation, No. (%)

10,793 (30)

10,404 (29)

0.02

Renal replacement therapy, No. (%)

2628 (7)

2494 (7)

0.01

  1. SMD standardized mean difference
  2. aImmunosuppression included malignancy, human immunodeficiency virus infection, organ transplant, or immunosuppressive therapy
  3. bDefined by oral or intravenous for ≥ 30 days during the preceding year