Table 2 Characteristics of drowning patients according to survival status at day-28

Baseline characteristics

Age (years)

68 (54–75)

63.5 (58–75)

62 (48–73.5)

0.98

0.97–0.99

0.01

Male sex

161 (59.6)

123 (57.2)

38 (69.1)

1.60

0.90–2.83

0.11

At least one psychiatric comorbidity

72 (26.7%)

54 (25.1)

18 (32.7)

1.39

0.79–2.44

0.25

Obesity

38 (16.7)

29 (15.9)

9 (20)

1.12

0.44–2.83

0.8

Alcoholism

42 (15.6)

27 (12.6)

15 (27.3)

2.25

1.24–4.10

0.007

Cardiovascular disease

29 (10.7)

24 (11.2)

5 (9.1)

0.77

0.31–1.94

0.58

Respiratory disease

19 (7.0)

12 (5.6)

7 (12.7)

2.12

0.96–4.70

0.06

Epilepsy

16 (5.9)

13 (6)

3 (5.4)

0.88

0.27–2.82

0.83

Etiology

Drug or alcohol intoxication

Suicide attempt

Presumed cardiac

Presumed neurologic

Accident

30 (11.7)

26 (10.1)

48 (18.7)

15 (5.8)

151 (55.9)

19 (9.1)

19 (9.1)

46 (22)

12 (5.7)

119 (55.3)

11 (22.9)

7 (14.6)

2 (4.2)

3 (6.2)

32 (58.2)

2.08

1.38

0.16

1.03

1.13

1.08–4.04

0.62–3.05

0.04–0.64

0.32–3.31

0.66–1.94

0.03

0.43

0.01

0.95

0.64

Season

Spring

Summer

Autumn

Winter

51 (18.9)

185 (68.5)

8 (3)

26 (9.6)

40 (18.6)

154 (71.3)

6 (2.8)

15 (7)

11 (20)

31 (56.4)

2 (3.6)

11 (20)

1.08

0.56

1.41

2.59

0.56–2.1

0.33–0.95

0.34–5.79

1.34–5.02

0.81

0.03

0.63

0.0047

Scene information

Type of water

Seawater

Freshwater

199 (73.7)

71 (26.3)

170 (79.1)

45 (20.9)

29 (52.7)

26 (47.3)

2.93

1.72–4.97

 < 0.0001

Loss of consciousness

197 (72.9)

150 (69.8)

47 (85.4)

2.97

1.35–7.5

0.01

CGS < 13

129 (47.8)

76 (35.3)

53 (96.4)

37.2

9.1–152.9

 < 0.0001

Event witnessed

185 (68.5)

158 (73.5)

27 (49.1)

0.35

0.19–0.64

0.0007

Cardiac arrest

103 (38.1)

50 (23.2)

53 (96.4)

60.26

14.7–247.5

 < 0.0001

Resuscitation before EMS

88 (85.4)

49 (98)

39 (70.9)

0.06

0.003–0.33

0.008

EMS called (%)

261 (96.7)

207 (96.3)

54 (98.2)

2.09

0.97–39.1

0.49

CPR duration

17.5 (5–30)

5 (2.25–10)

30 (24.5–35)

1.09

1.08–1.11

 < 0.0001

Clinical and laboratory findings at ICU admission

Temperature (°C)

35.4 (33.5–36.6)

35.9 (34.5–36.8)

32.4 (30.5–34)

0.69

0.64–0.75

 < 0.0001

Leukocyte count (109/L)

11.3 (8.4–16.1)

11.3 (8.7–15.7)

11.1 (8–18.2)

1.00

0.99–1.01

0.82

PaO2/FIO2 (mm Hg/%)

142 (93–221)

141 (94–204)

144 (80–248)

1.00

0.99–1.00

0.47

PaCO2 (mmHg)

43 (38–51)

43 (38–49)

48 (36–61)

1.03

1.02–1.05

 < 0.0001

Sodium (mmol/L)

143 (138–147)

143 (139–146)

143 (134–148)

0.99

0.95–1.03

0.51

Invasive MV at day 1

105 (38.9)

54 (25.1)

51 (92.7)

26.65

9.62–73.81

 < 0.0001

SAPS II at day 1

36 (26–63)

31 (24–42)

77 (68–90)

1.07

1.06–1.09

 < 0.0001

SOFA at day 1

3 (2–8)

2 (1–5)

12 (9–15)

1.37

1.3–1.45

 < 0.0001