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Table 3 Factors associated with oxygenation failure by multivariate analysis among patients who were not intubated on the day of ICU admission

From: Benefits and risks of noninvasive oxygenation strategy in COVID-19: a multicenter, prospective cohort study (COVID-ICU) in 137 hospitals

 

Univariate OR (95% CI)

P value

Multivariate OR (95% CI)

P value

Age, years

 

 < 0.001

 

0.078

  ≤ 75

 

 

  60–74

0.98 (0.72–1.32)

 

1.74 (0.93–3.28)

 

  40–59

0.58 (0.43–0.80)

 

1.33 (0.68–2.64)

 

   < 40

0.45 (0.27–0.74)

 

0.54 (0.14–1.82)

 

Genre, woman

0.73 (0.58–0.92)

0.009

0.72 (0.44–1.19)

0.203

Body mass index, kg/m2

0.870

0.178

   < 25

    

  25–29

1.05 (0.79–1.40)

 

0.89 (0.51–1.55)

 

  30–34

1.18 (0.86–1.63)

 

1.58 (0.83–3.01)

 

  35–39

1.14 (0.76–1.72)

 

1.01 (0.45–2.26)

 

   ≥ 40

1.05 (0.60–1.85)

 

2.42 (0.73–8.26)

 

Active smokers

1.00 (0.61–1.63)

0.996

0.83 (0.31–2.20)

0.701

SAPS II score

1.05 (1.04–1.06)

 < 0.001

1.07 (1.04–1.09)

 < 0.001

Treated hypertension

1.35 (1.10–1.66)

0.004

0.79 (0.51–1.23)

0.300

Known diabetes

1.31 (1.05–1.65)

0.019

0.74 (0.45–1.20)

0.222

Immunodepressiona

1.43 (0.95–2.15)

0.085

0.85 (0.32–2.23)

0.747

Frailty score

 

0.009

0.875

  1–3

   

  4

1.70 (1.16–2.51)

 

1.27 (0.51–3.32)

 

  5–9

1.46 (0.93–2.31)

 

1.07 (0.37–3.04)

 

Delay between first signs and ICU admission, days

 

 < 0.001

0.012

   < 4

   

  4–7

0.84 (0.58–1.20)

 

0.74 (0.35–1.53)

 

   ≥ 8

0.44 (0.31–0.62)

 

0.42 (0.20–0.87)

 

During the first 24 h in ICU

    

Oxygenation technique

 

0.019

 

0.013

  Standard oxygen

 

 

  HFNC

0.98 (0.79–1.21)

 

0.60 (0.36–0.99)

 

  NIV

1.60 (1.13–2.27)

 

1.57 (0.78–3.21)

 

Cardiovascular component of the SOFA score ≥ 3

3.37 (1.75–7.00)

 < 0.001

1.45 (0.37–7.53)

0.608

Renal component of the SOFA score ≥ 3

1.06 (0.68–1.66)

0.785

0.35 (0.12–0.99)

0.048

Corticosteroidsb

0.76 (0.55–1.05)

0.096

0.93 (0.46–1.88)

0.847

pH

0.12 (0.02–0.71)

0.010

0.95 (0.02–59.91)

0.980

PaCO2, mmHg

1.00 (1.00–1.00)

0.856

0.97 (0.94–1.00)

0.064

PaO2/FiO2c, mmHg

 

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 ≤ 100

   

  101–200

0.43 (0.33–0.55)

 

0.32 (0.20–0.50)

 

  201–300

0.26 (0.17–0.37)

 

0.21 (0.10–0.41)

 

   > 300

0.25 (0.15–0.43)

 

0.23 (0.07–0.71)

 

HCO3, mmol/L

0.97 (0.94–0.99)

0.006

1.00 (0.97–1.03)

0.993

Lactate, mmol/L

1.31 (1.12–1.57)

 < 0.001

1.28 (1.06–1.67)

0.001

Lymphocyte count < 1 × 109/L

1.59 (1.26–2.01)

 < 0.001

1.20 (0.79–1.85)

0.394

Platelet count < 150 × 109/L

1.76 (1.32–2.37)

 < 0.001

1.16 (0.65–2.06)

0.621

Total bilirubin concentration, µmol/L

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

0.990

1.00 (0.97–1.02)

0.769

ICU admission period, March 29 to May 4, 2020

0.63 (0.51–0.77)

 < 0.001

0.46 (0.29–0.72)

 < 0.001

  1. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, HFNC high-flow nasal cannula, NIV noninvasive ventilation, SAPS Simplified Acute Physiology Score, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, PaCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide, PaO2/FiO2 partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio, HCO3 bicarbonate
  2. aDefined as hematological malignancies, active solid tumor, or having received specific anti-tumor treatment within a year, solid organ transplant, human immunodeficiency virus, or immunosuppressants
  3. bIrrespective of the dose and the indication
  4. cCalculated for all patients, including those on oxygen therapy by using conversion tables provided in the online supplement