Table 2 Predisposing and precipitating risk factors in the general medical, post-operative, and ICU settings [10, 43, 54,55,56,57,58,59,60]
| Â | General medicine | Additional operative risks | Additional ICU risks |
|---|---|---|---|
Predisposing risk factors | Older age Low daily activity levels Immobility Sensory impairment Low levels of education Malnutrition Pre-existent cognitive impairment Frailty Comorbidities Alcohol consumption Visual/Hearing impairment | Cerebral disease Chronic diseases: renal, cardiac, hepatic, or pulmonary Alcohol/sedative-hypnotics addiction History of delirium/functional psychosis Depression Vitamin deficiency Seizures or porphyria | Higher illness severity Unexpected hospital admission |
Precipitating risk factors | Acute medical illness Fractures Head injury Trauma Surgery Psychological stress Drug use/withdrawal Urinary catheterisation Longer hospital stay | Drug intoxication/anaesthesia Metabolic disturbance Hemodynamic disturbance Respiratory disorders Infection Acute cerebral disorder Alcohol/sedative withdrawal Intraoperative/post-operative: Sleep deprivation Immobilisation Restraints | Mechanical ventilation (and duration of ventilation) Sepsis Opioids Polypharmacy Circadian rhythm disruption Deep sedation Organ failure |