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Table 1 Characteristics of the phenotypes on eICU derivation cohort

From: Identification of distinct clinical phenotypes of acute respiratory distress syndrome with differential responses to treatment

Characteristic

eICU derivation

phenotype-I

phenotype-II

phenotype-III

No. of patients (%)

3875

1565

1232

1078

Age, mean (SD), years

66.0 (15.5)

67.3 (14.6)

61.2 (16.7)

69.6 (13.9)

Gender—female, No. (%)

1825 (47.1%)

787 (50.3%)

593 (48.1%)

445 (41.3%)

Past history

 Hypertension (%)

2177 (56.7%)

905 (58.4%)

569 (46.6%)

703 (65.6%)

 Insulin-dependent diabetes (%)

608 (15.8%)

228 (14.7%)

131 (10.7%)

249 (23.2%)

 COPD (%)

975 (25.4%)

506 (32.7%)

223 (18.3%)

246 (22.9%)

 CABG (%)

248 (6.5%)

102 (6.6%)

47 (3.8%)

99 (9.2%)

APACHE IV Score, mean (SD)

62.6 (26.1)

52.6 (20.5)

65.4 (27.6)

74.2 (26.3)

Berlin classification*

 Mild (%)

424 (25.0%)

185 (27.2%)

106 (19.5%)

133 (28.4%)

 Moderate (%)

743 (43.9%)

345 (50.7%)

217 (39.9%)

181 (38.6%)

 Severe (%)

526 (31.1%)

150 (22.1%)

221 (40.6%)

155 (33.0%)

Temperature, mean (SD), °C

37.3 (0.8)

37.0 (0.6)

37.8 (0.9)

37.0 (0.7)

Heart rate, mean (SD), BPM

104.2 (22.7)

97.4 (19.0)

117.5 (22.2)

98.8 (21.3)

Respiratory rate, mean (SD), breaths/min

28.6 (8.3)

26.3 (7.1)

32.6 (9.1)

27.4 (7.1)

Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg

102.2 (21.9)

109.6 (21.5)

96.6 (18.9)

98.3 (23.0)

Glasgow Coma Scale score, mean (SD)

12.3 (3.7)

13.1 (3.2)

11.4 (4.1)

12.1 (3.6)

Potassium, mean (SD), mg/L

4.1 (0.7)

4.1 (0.6)

3.7 (0.5)

4.5 (0.7)

Sodium, mean (SD), mg/L

137.5 (5.7)

137.9 (5.3)

137.9 (6.0)

136.3 (5.7)

Glucose, median (IQR), mg/dL

131.0 (107.0–168.0)

134.0 (110.0–170.0)

125.0 (104.0–153.0)

135.0 (105.0–185.0)

Hematocrit, mean (SD), g/dL

33.8 (7.2)

37.3 (6.5)

32.3 (6.7)

30.6 (6.4)

Creatinine, median (IQR), mg/dL

1.2 (0.8–1.9)

1.0 (0.7–1.3)

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

2.6 (1.8–4.4)

Blood urea nitrogen, median (IQR), mg/dL

24.0 (16.0–39.0)

20.0 (14.0–28.0)

18.0 (12.0–27.0)

50.0 (36.0–67.0)

Bicarbonate, mean (SD), mmol/L

25.3 (6.4)

29.3 (5.8)

23.4 (5.1)

21.5 (5.2)

Platelets, median (IQR), × 109 /L

206.0 (150.0–275.0)

217.0 (171.8–286.2)

196.0 (131.0–264.0)

191.0 (129.0–265.0)

White blood cell count, median (IQR), × 109 /L

11.6 (8.2–16.1)

10.9 (8.1–14.6)

12.4 (8.5–17.5)

12.1 (8.3–17.0)

Albumin, mean (SD), g/dL

2.9 (0.7)

3.3 (0.6)

2.7 (0.7)

2.8 (0.7)

Total Bilirubin, median (IQR), mg/dL

0.6 (0.4–1.0)

0.5 (0.4–0.8)

0.7 (0.5–1.2)

0.7 (0.4–1.2)

PaO2, mean (SD), mm Hg

73.0 (59.0–97.0)

74.0 (60.0–95.0)

71.0 (58.0–96.0)

75.4 (59.6–100.0)

PaCO2, mean (SD), mm Hg

41.0 (34.0–51.0)

51.0 (42.5–65.0)

36.0 (31.0–41.0)

38.0 (31.0–45.0)

pH, mean (SD), unit

7.3 (0.1)

7.3 (0.1)

7.4 (0.1)

7.3 (0.1)

In-hospital days†, median (IQR), d

6.0 (3.0–11.0)

5.0 (3.0–9.0)

7.0 (4.0–13.0)

6.0 (3.0–11.0)

In-hospital mortality, No. (%)

572 (14.8%)

117 (7.5%)

219 (17.8%)

236 (21.9%)

  1. eICU, telehealth intensive care unit; APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BPM, beats per minute; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; PaO2, partial pressure of oxygen; PaCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; WBC, white blood cell count
  2. *Berlin classification for 1693 patients with valid arterial blood gas (ABG) test in eICU derivation cohort
  3. †In-hospital days calculated as the time difference in days between ICU admission and hospital discharge