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Table 1 General characteristics of included patients stratified by history of diabetes mellitus/prediabetes and HbA1c

From: Elevated HbA1c remains a predominant finding in severe COVID-19 and may be associated with increased mortality in patients requiring mechanical ventilation

 

Overall

No history of diabetes mellitus/prediabetes

History of diabetes mellitus/prediabetes

HbA1c < 5.7%

HbA1c 5.7 < 6.5%

HbA1c ≥ 6.5%

HbA1c < 5.7%

HbA1c 5.7 < 6.5%

HbA1c ≥ 6.5%

n

350

49

138

52

3

18

90

Age [years] (median [IQR])

68.00 [58.00, 76.00]

67.00 [54.00, 77.00]

70.00 [61.00, 77.00]

65.00 [55.50, 75.25]

63.00 [56.50, 68.00]

72.00 [62.50, 74.75]

68.00 [58.25, 76.75]

Male—no. (%)

250 (71.4)

32 (65.3)

102 (73.9)

40 (76.9)

3 (100.0)

11 (61.1)

62 (68.9)

BMI [kg/m2] (median [IQR])

27.76 [25.14, 31.22]

25.12 [22.10, 27.53]

27.47 [24.97, 30.66]

29.45 [26.41, 31.51]

25.13 [24.18, 29.52]

28.73 [26.93, 31.71]

29.39 [26.51, 32.92]

HbA1c [%] (median [IQR])

6.30 [5.90, 6.80]

5.40 [5.10, 5.50]

6.10 [5.90, 6.20]

6.70 [6.60, 7.12]

5.50 [5.50, 5.55]

6.10 [5.93, 6.30]

7.60 [6.80, 8.88]

IMV—no. (%)

194 (55.4)

28 (57.1)

80 (58.0)

31 (59.6)

1 (33.3)

9 (50.0)

45 (50.0)

AKI—no. (%)

       

no AKI

233 (67.0)

33 (68.8)

94 (68.6)

31 (59.6)

2 (66.7)

12 (66.7)

61 (67.8)

KDIGO I

38 (10.9)

4 (8.3)

16 (11.7)

7 (13.5)

0 (0.0)

2 (11.1)

9 (10.0)

KDIGO II

18 (5.2)

2 (4.2)

7 (5.1)

2 (3.8)

0 (0.0)

1 (5.6)

6 (6.7)

KDIGO III

59 (17.0)

9 (18.8)

20 (14.6)

12 (23.1)

1 (33.3)

3 (16.7)

14 (15.6)

RRT—no. (%)

55 (15.7)

9 (18.4)

18 (13.0)

10 (19.2)

1 (33.3)

5 (27.8)

12 (13.3)

vv-ECMO

18 (5.1)

4 (8.2)

5 (3.6)

6 (11.5)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

3 (3.3)

IMV [days] (median [IQR])

14.0 [8.0, 24.3]

10.5 [5.5, 20.8]

13.0 [8.0, 25.3]

15.00 [12.5, 26.50]

7.0 [7.0, 7.0]

16.0 [5.0, 29.0]

13.0 [8.0, 24.0]

RRT [days] (median [IQR])

11.0 [3.0, 25.5]

12.0 [6.0, 13.0]

16.5 [3.5, 27.5]

13.50 [9.5, 25.8]

7.0 [7.0, 7.0]

1.0 [1.0, 4.0]

4.0 [1.8, 14.5]

ECMO [days] (median [IQR])

23.5 [12.5, 28.8]

15.0 [14.0, 16.5]

26.0 [14.0, 26.0]

28.50 [16.0, 38.0]

NA [NA, NA]

NA [NA, NA]

27.0 [19.5, 28.5]

SAPS III score (median [IQR])

55.0 [48.0, 63.0]

59.0 [49.5, 69.8]

54.5 [49.0, 63.3]

52.50 [47.0, 62.5]

53.0 [49.5, 61.5]

55.5 [50.8, 59.3]

55.0 [48.0, 62.0]

Hospital LOS (median [IQR])

23.0 [14.0, 39.5]

26.5 [14.0, 40.0]

22.0 [15.0, 35.0]

24.00 [12.0, 45.5]

44.0 [33.5, 61.5]

30.5 [14.8, 45.5]

21.0 [13.0, 36.5]

ICU LOS (median [IQR])

11.0 [5.0, 23.0]

10.0 [4.0, 23.0]

13.0 [7.0, 23.0]

16.50 [5.0, 29.0]

5.0 [3.5, 10.5]

9.5 [6.0, 30.5]

10.0 [5.0, 21.0]

Known comorbidity*—no. (%)

       

Cardiovascular

142 (40.6)

21 (42.9)

56 (40.6)

18 (34.6)

2 (66.7)

12 (66.7)

33 (36.7)

Arterial hypertension

221 (63.1)

26 (53.1)

82 (59.4)

25 (48.1)

3 (100.0)

15 (83.3)

70 (77.8)

Renal

78 (22.3)

12 (24.5)

24 (17.4)

10 (19.2)

2 (66.7)

8 (44.4)

22 (24.4)

Liver

28 (8.0)

3 (6.1)

12 (8.7)

6 (11.5)

0 (0.0)

1 (5.6)

6 (6.7)

Metastatic disease

2 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.9)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

Hematological malignancy

18 (5.1)

3 (6.1)

7 (5.1)

2 (3.8)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

6 (6.7)

Non-hematological malignancy

28 (8.0)

3 (6.1)

15 (10.9)

3 (5.8)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

7 (7.9)

COPD

17 (4.9)

4 (8.2)

8 (5.8)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (5.6)

4 (4.4)

Asthma

50 (14.3)

4 (8.2)

18 (13.0)

8 (15.4)

1 (33.3)

2 (11.1)

17 (18.9)

Respiratory disease—others

27 (7.7)

2 (4.1)

12 (8.7)

3 (5.8)

0 (0.0)

2 (11.1)

8 (8.9)

Diabetes mellitus—no. (%)

       

No pre-known dysglycemia

239 (68.3)

49 (100.0)

138 (100.0)

52 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Prediabetes

12 (3.4)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

4 (22.2)

8 (8.9)

DM Type I

4 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (11.1)

2 (2.2)

DM Type II

94 (26.9)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

3 (100.0)

11 (61.1)

80 (88.9)

DM (other Type, e.g., MODY)

1 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (5.6)

0 (0.0)

ICU mortality—no. (%)

90 (25.7)

13 (26.5)

35 (25.4)

14 (26.9)

0 (0.0)

3 (16.7)

25 (27.8)

Hospital mortality—no. (%)

100 (28.6)

15 (30.6)

37 (26.8)

15 (28.8)

0 (0.0)

3 (16.7)

30 (33.3)

  1. Of 350 included patients, 44 have been previously reported [1]
  2. IQR interquartile range, BMI body mass index, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, IMV invasive mechanical ventilation, AKI acute kidney injury, KDIGO kidney disease: improving global outcomes, RRT renal replacement therapy, vv-ECMO veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, SAPS simplified acute physiology score, LOS length of stay, ICU intensive care unit, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, DM Diabetes mellitus
  3. *As mentioned in previous medical documents
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