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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients that received invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) during the first 24 h of ICU admission

From: The evolution of the ventilatory ratio is a prognostic factor in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients

 

No

All patients (n = 1118)

Survivors (n = 685)

Non-survivors (n = 433)

p-value

Age, years

1118

65.0 [57.0–72.0]

62.0 [53.0–69.0]

69.0 [63.0–74.0]

 < 0.001

Age, categories

1118

    

 < 50

 

144 (12.9%)

125 (18.3%)

19 (4.4%)

 < 0.001

 50–69

 

612 (54.7%)

407 (59.4%)

205 (47.3%)

 < 0.001

 70–79

 

345 (31.0%)

149 (21.8%)

197 (45.5%)

 < 0.001

  ≥ 80

 

16 (1.4%)

4 (0.6%)

12 (2.8%)

0.004

Sex, female

1118

322 (28.8%)

211 (30.8%)

111 (25.6%)

0.07

BMI, kg/m2

1019

28.1 [25.6–31.5]

28.3 [25.7–31.6]

27.8 [25.5–31.3]

0.27

Comorbidities

     

 Active smoker

741

61 (8.2%)

33 (7.1%)

28 (10.4%)

0.17

 Hypertension

1117

555 (49.7%)

308 (45.0%)

247 (57.2%)

 < 0.001

 Diabetes mellitus

1117

258 (23.1%)

153 (22.3%)

105 (24.3%)

0.47

 Dyslipidemia

1117

275 (24.6%)

165 (24.1%)

110 (25.4%)

0.62

 Chronic cardiac failure

1117

138 (12.4%)

60 (8.8%)

78 (18.1%)

 < 0.001

 Chronic kidney disease

1117

58 (5.1%)

25 (3.6%)

33 (7.4%)

0.003

 Chronic respiratory disease

1117

119 (10.7%)

52 (7.6%)

67 (15.5%)

 < 0.001

Days since first symptoms

1098

7.0 [5.0–9.0]

7.0 [5.0–9.0]

7.0 [4.0–9.0]

0.047

Days from hospital admission to intubation

1116

1.0 [0.0–4.0]

1.0 [0.0–3.0]

1.0 [0.0–4.0]

0.38

APACHE score

615

12.0 [9.5–16.0]

11.0 [8.8–15.0]

14.0 [11.0–18.0]

 < 0.001

SOFA score

779

7.0 [5.0–8.0]

7.0 [4.0–8.0]

7.0 [5.0–9.0]

 < 0.001

SOFA hemodynamic component

1041

3.0 [0.0–4.0]

3.0 [0.0–4.0]

3.0 [0.0–4.0]

0.09

SOFA renal component

1108

0.0 [0.0–0.0]

0.0 [0.0–0.0]

0.0 [0.0–1.0]

 < 0.001

Temperature, ºC

995

36.9 [36.0–37.8]

37.0 [36.0–37.9]

36.8 [36.0–37.8]

0.08

Respiratory rate, bpm

942

25.0 [20.0–30.0]

24.0 [20.0–30.0]

25.0 [20.0–30.0]

0.63

Arterial blood gases at ICU admission

 PaO2/FiO2 ratio, mmHg

1067

115.6 [80.0–171.2]

117.5 [82.2–176.7]

111.27 [74.1–157.9]

0.017

 PaO2/FIO2 ratio categories

1067

    

 PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 100 mmHg

 

424 (39.7%)

249 (37.4%)

175 (43.5%)

0.05

 PaO2/FiO2 ratio ≥ 100 and < 200 mmHg

 

462 (43.3%)

295 (44.4%)

167 (41.5%)

0.37

 PaO2/FiO2 ratio ≥ 200 and < 300 mmHg

 

132 (12.4%)

88 (13.2%)

44 (11.0%)

0.29

 PaO2/FiO2 ratio ≥ 300 mmHg

 

49 (4.6%)

33 (5.0%)

16 (4.0%)

0.55

 pH

1076

7.36 [7.29–7.43]

7.38 [7.31–7.44]

7.33 [7.26–7.41]

 < 0.001

 PaCO2, mmHg

1084

43.9 [36.0–52.0]

43.0 [36.0–50.5]

45.1 [37.0–55.0]

0.001

 Lactate, mg/dL

753

13.0 [9.9–17.1]

12.6 [9.0–16.2]

14.4 [10.8–18.9]

 < 0.001

Laboratory findings at ICU admission

 Lymphocyte count, 109/L

1095

0.63 [0.43–0.90]

0.67 [0.47–0.95]

0.60 [0.40–0.84]

0.001

 Neutrophil count, 109/L

472

7.66 [5.57–11.32]

7.32 [5.30–10.84]

7.97 [5.81–12.00]

0.10

 Platelet count, 109/L

1106

226.0 [173.0–299.0]

236.0 [182.0–308.8]

212.0 [163.8–277.3]

 < 0.001

 D-dimers, mg/L

877

1.12 [0.59–3.52]

0.98 [0.53–2.30]

1.71 [0.70–5.51]

 < 0.001

 Ferritin, ng/mL

379

1398 [821–2250]

1330 [766–2172]

1500 [890–2400]

0.11

 IL6, pg/mL

215

114.0 [47.5–181.4]

103.1 [45.1–186.8]

125.9 [60.2–153.2]

0.66

 CRP, mg/dL

987

17.5 [9.4–26.6]

17.0 [9.1–26.0]

18.4 [10.0–27.7]

0.068

 Bilirubin, mg/dL

1018

0.62 [0.42–1.00]

0.64 [0.43–1.00]

0.60 [0.40–1.00]

0.76

 Serum creatinine, mg/dL

1108

0.87 [0.67–1.15]

0.82 [0.64–1.07]

0.95 [0.75–1.28]

 < 0.001

Ventilatory setting and pulmonary mechanics at MV start

 Tidal volume/PBW (mL/kg)

908

7.1 [6.4–8.0]

7.1 [6.4–7.9]

7.1 [6.4–8.0]

0.80

 Respiratory rate, bpm

999

20.0 [18.0–24.0]

20.0 [18.0–24.0]

20.0 [18.0–24.0]

0.63

 PEEP, cmH2O

1045

12.0 [10.0–14.0]

12.0 [10.0–14.0]

12.0 [10.0–14.0]

0.52

 FiO2, %

1064

75.0 [60.0–100.0]

70.0 [60.0–100.0]

80.0 [60.0–100.0]

 < 0.001

 Peak inspiratory pressure, cmH2O

509

31.0 [27.0–35.0]

30.0 [27.0–34.0]

31.0 [27.5–35.5]

0.08

 End-inspiratory plateau pressure, cmH2O

440

25.0 [22.0–28.0]

25.0 [21.0–28.0]

25.0 [22.0–28.0]

0.10

 Driving pressure, cmH2Oa

432

12.0 [9.6–15.0]

12.0 [9.0–14.0]

12.0 [9.8–15.0]

0.25

 Compliance, mL/cmH2Ob

413

37.1 [29.3–50.0]

37.1 [30.0–50.0]

35.8 [28.2–50.0]

0.33

 Ventilatory ratioc

889

1.73 [1.33–2.25]

1.68 [1.32–2.15]

1.87 [1.41–2.36]

0.001

 Position

960

    

 Supine

 

591 (61.6%)

394 (65.5%)

197 (55.0%)

 < 0.001

 Prone

 

346 (36.0%)

192 (31.9%)

154 (43.0%)

0.008

 Other

 

23 (2.4%)

16 (2.6%)

7 (2.0%)

0.46

  1. Continuous variables are expressed as median (IQR) and categorical variables as number (percentages). P-values marked in bold indicate numbers that are significant on the 95% confidence limit. CRP C-reactive protein; FiO2 fraction of inspired oxygen; MV mechanical ventilation; PaCO2 arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PaO2 partial pressure of arterial oxygen; PBW predicted body weight; SOFA sequential organ failure assessment score
  2. aDefined as plateau pressure—PEEP
  3. bDefined as tidal volume/(Plateau pressure − PEEP)
  4. cDefined as (minute ventilation × PaCO2)/(PBW × 100 × 37.5)
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