Table 1 Patient characteristics by renin tertile at first measurement

Serum renin (pg/ml)

7.2 (3.1–12.4)

40.7 (29.9–60.1)

355.3 (180.4–1032.1)

Age (years)

61.5 (47–71)

59 (50–66.5)

53 (40.5–64)

Sex (% male)

53 (56.4%)

53 (57.0%)

57 (61.3%)

Race (%)

 White

75 (79.8%)

74 (79.6%)

71 (76.3%)

 Black

10 (10.6%)

9 (9.7%)

7 (7.5%)

 Other

9 (9.6%)

10 (10.8%)

15 (16.1%)

Weight (kg)

77.7 (65.1–95.3)

88.0 (75.3–105.2)

89.8 (72.8–113.4)

ICU (%)

 Surgical

46 (48.9%)

37 (39.8%)

18 (19.4%)

 Medical

33 (35.1%)

34 (36.6%)

48 (51.6%)

 Cardiac

15 (16.0%)

22 (23.7%)

27 (29.0%)

Diabetes (%)

23 (24.5%)

26 (28.0%)

25 (26.9%)

Hypertension (%)

50 (53.2%)

47 (50.5%)

49 (52.7%)

Heart failure (%)

20 (21.3%)

20 (21.5%)

31 (33.3%)

Liver disease (%)

8 (8.5%)

14 (15.1%)

25 (26.9%)

Cancer (%)

28 (29.8%)

23 (24.7%)

22 (23.9%)

Baseline serum creatinine (mg/dl)

0.8 (0.7–0.9)

0.8 (0.7–1.0)

0.9 (0.8–1.0)

Baseline eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)

89 (78–101)

88 (75–100)

91 (77–105)

Non-renal APACHE II

15 (10–20)

17 (10.5–22)

19 (12.5–24)

Non-renal SOFA

5 (2–8)

5 (2–9)

8 (5–12)

Charlson comorbidity index

3 (2–5)

3 (2–4)

4 (2–6)

Number of vasopressors/inotropes

0 (0–1)

1 (0–2)

2 (1–3)

Mechanical ventilation (%)

44 (46.8%)

47 (50.5%)

62 (66.7%)

Serum creatinine at first renin measurement (mg/dl)

0.8 (0.7–1.5)

1.3 (0.8–2.4)

1.8 (0.9–3.3)

Acute kidney injury (%)

30 (31.9%)

52 (55.9%)

63 (67.7%)

 Stage 2^a

2 (6.7%)

12 (23.1%)

8 (12.7%)

 Stage 3^a

28 (93.3%)

40 (76.9%)

55 (87.3%)

Serum NGAL at first renin measurement (ng/ml)

119 (69–288)

226 (88–421)

240 (80–757)