Table 1 Clinical characteristics of N = 1186 patients included in the study; clinical and laboratory parameters
From: Machine learning identifies ICU outcome predictors in a multicenter COVID-19 cohort
Parameter | Total N | Missing N | Non-survival | Survival | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total N (%) | 403 (34.0) | 783 (66.0) | 1186 | ||
Age (years) | 1186 | 0 | 66.0 (58.0 to 75.5) | 62.0 (53.0 to 72.0) | 63.0 (54.0 to 73.0) |
Age groups | 1186 | 0 | |||
18–29 years | 2 (0.5) | 26 (3.3) | 28 (2.4) | ||
30–39 years | 8 (2.0) | 37 (4.7) | 45 (3.8) | ||
40–49 years | 32 (7.9) | 75 (9.6) | 107 (9.0) | ||
50–59 years | 75 (18.6) | 196 (25.0) | 271 (22.8) | ||
60–69 years | 130 (32.3) | 202 (25.8) | 332 (28.0) | ||
70–79 years | 105 (26.1) | 187 (23.9) | 292 (24.6) | ||
80–89 years | 48 (11.9) | 57 (7.3) | 105 (8.9) | ||
> 90 years | 3 (0.7) | 3 (0.4) | 6 (0.5) | ||
Sex | 1186 | 0 | |||
Female | 92 (22.8) | 241 (30.8) | 333 (28.1) | ||
Male | 311 (77.2) | 542 (69.2) | 853 (71.9) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 1120 | 66 | 28.1 (25.1 to 33.1) | 28.4 (25.2 to 32.7) | 28.3 (25.2 to 32.8) |
BMI groups | 1120 | 66 | |||
Below 20 kg/m2 | 8 (2.1) | 16 (2.2) | 24 (2.1) | ||
20–25 kg/m2 | 88 (22.8) | 164 (22.3) | 252 (22.5) | ||
25–30 kg/m2 | 141 (36.5) | 267 (36.4) | 408 (36.4) | ||
Above 30 kg/m2 | 149 (38.6) | 287 (39.1) | 436 (38.9) | ||
Bloodgroup | 755 | 431 | |||
0 | 121 (40.2) | 158 (34.8) | 279 (37.0) | ||
A | 124 (41.2) | 213 (46.9) | 337 (44.6) | ||
AB | 10 (3.3) | 24 (5.3) | 34 (4.5) | ||
B | 46 (15.3) | 59 (13.0) | 105 (13.9) | ||
Past medical history and chronic medications | |||||
Arterial hypertension | 1186 | 0 | 255 (63.3) | 479 (61.2) | 734 (61.9) |
Cardiovascular disease | 1186 | 0 | 124 (30.8) | 187 (23.9) | 311 (26.2) |
Chronic arrhythmia | 1186 | 0 | 61 (15.1) | 84 (10.7) | 145 (12.2) |
COPD | 1186 | 0 | 38 (9.4) | 69 (8.8) | 107 (9.0) |
Other lung disease | 1186 | 0 | 44 (10.9) | 80 (10.2) | 124 (10.5) |
Nicotine abuse | 1186 | 0 | 36 (8.9) | 78 (10.0) | 114 (9.6) |
History of solid organ transplant | 1186 | 0 | 9 (2.2) | 14 (1.8) | 23 (1.9) |
History of bone marrow transplant | 1186 | 0 | 3 (0.7) | 5 (0.6) | 8 (0.7) |
Alcoholism | 1186 | 0 | 13 (3.2) | 23 (2.9) | 36 (3.0) |
Chronic kidney failure | 1186 | 0 | 53 (13.2) | 92 (11.7) | 145 (12.2) |
Diabetes mellitus | 1186 | 0 | 126 (31.3) | 218 (27.8) | 344 (29.0) |
NIDDM | 1186 | 0 | 88 (21.8) | 132 (16.9) | 220 (18.5) |
Prior thrombotic eventsa | 1186 | 0 | 24 (6.0) | 35 (4.5) | 59 (5.0) |
ACE inhibitors | 1186 | 0 | 95 (23.6) | 172 (22.0) | 267 (22.5) |
AT2 receptor blocker | 1186 | 0 | 47 (11.7) | 117 (14.9) | 164 (13.8) |
Beta blockers | 1186 | 0 | 116 (28.8) | 227 (29.0) | 343 (28.9) |
Anti-platelet medication | 1186 | 0 | 95 (23.6) | 165 (21.1) | 260 (21.9) |
NOAC | 1186 | 0 | 29 (7.2) | 56 (7.2) | 85 (7.2) |
Corticosteroids | 1186 | 0 | 44 (10.9) | 63 (8.0) | 107 (9.0) |
Immunosuppressive drugs | 1186 | 0 | 21 (5.2) | 31 (4.0) | 52 (4.4) |
Opioids | 1186 | 0 | 19 (4.7) | 38 (4.9) | 57 (4.8) |
Status at ICU admission | |||||
Admission/Transfer status | 1186 | 0 | |||
External transfer | 206 (51.1) | 336 (42.9) | 542 (45.7) | ||
Internal or direct admission | 197 (48.9) | 447 (57.1) | 644 (54.3) | ||
Ventilatory status at admission | 1186 | 0 | |||
Intubated | 217 (53.8) | 278 (35.5) | 495 (41.7) | ||
Non-invasive assisted ventilation | 40 (9.9) | 91 (11.6) | 131 (11.0) | ||
Spontaneous breathing | 146 (36.2) | 414 (52.9) | 560 (47.2) | ||
Prior days of non-invasive ventilation | 1016 | 170 | 0.0 (0.0 to 1.0) | 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0) |
Days prior invasive ventilation | 1099 | 87 | 0.0 (0.0 to 3.0) | 0.0 (0.0 to 1.0) | 0.0 (0.0 to 1.0) |
RASS | 1100 | 86 | -2 (-5 to 0) | 0 (-4 to 0) | 0 (-4 to 0) |
SOFA (w/o GCS) | 1186 | 0 | 7 (4 to 9) | 5 (3 to 7) | 5 (3 to 8) |
Murray Lung Injury Score | 1156 | 30 | 3.2 (2.5 to 3.5) | 3.0 (2.2 to 3.5) | 3.0 (2.5 to 3.5) |
ARDS grading according to PaO2/FiO2 quotient | 1154 | 32 | |||
Mild (PaO2/FiO2 201 to 300) | 45 (11.3) | 147 (19.4) | 192 (16.6) | ||
Moderate (PaO2/FiO2 101 to 200) | 189 (47.6) | 357 (47.2) | 546 (47.3) | ||
Severe (PaO2/FiO2 < = 100) | 142 (35.8) | 186 (24.6) | 328 (28.4) | ||
No ARDS | 21 (5.3) | 67 (8.9) | 88 (7.6) | ||
Static compliance (ml/mbar)b | 612 | 574 | 34.6 (24.7 to 44.4) | 37.9 (29.3 to 49.4) | 36.7 (27.5 to 47.3) |
Driving pressure (mbar)b | 636 | 550 | 13.0 (10.0 to 16.0) | 12.0 (10.0 to 15.0) | 12.0 (10.0 to 15.0) |
Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 1179 | 7 | 11.0 (9.5 to 12.9) | 11.9 (10.1 to 13.3) | 11.6 (9.9 to 13.2) |
Platelets (x103µl-1) | 1178 | 8 | 203.0 (146.0 to 282.0) | 232.0 (177.0 to 316.0) | 223.0 (164.0 to 304.0) |
Leucocytes (n/nl) | 1177 | 9 | 10.7 (7.1 to 14.5) | 8.8 (6.1 to 12.1) | 9.4 (6.3 to 12.9) |
Lymphocytes (n/nl) | 971 | 215 | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1) | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.2) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.2) |
Neutrophiles (n/nl) | 886 | 300 | 8.7 (5.6 to 12.7) | 6.8 (4.7 to 9.4) | 7.3 (4.9 to 10.5) |
Platelet/neutrophile ratio | 882 | 304 | 23.3 (15.5 to 36.0) | 34.6 (24.9 to 53.2) | 31.4 (21.2 to 47.5) |
Platelet/lymphocyte ratio | 965 | 221 | 278.1 (158.3 to 473.9) | 280.4 (181.8 to 425.7) | 280.3 (174.1 to 436.6) |
C-reactive protein (mg/dl) | 1141 | 45 | 17.5 (9.6 to 27.9) | 14.1 (7.6 to 22.5) | 14.8 (8.4 to 24.3) |
Procalcitonin (ng/ml) | 1153 | 33 | 0.7 (0.3 to 2.4) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.9) | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.4) |
Interleukin-6 (pg/ml) | 851 | 335 | 161.0 (63.0 to 429.5) | 89.4 (39.8 to 189.5) | 104.0 (43.2 to 268.9) |
Ferritin (µg/dl) | 623 | 563 | 154.0 (88.3 to 272.8) | 114.2 (59.2 to 195.5) | 126.3 (68.8 to 210.8) |
D-Dimer (µg/ml) | 905 | 281 | 4.2 (1.7 to 14.9) | 2.2 (1.1 to 5.0) | 2.8 (1.2 to 8.0) |
Total bilirubin (mg/dl) | 1160 | 26 | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1) | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.8) | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.9) |
Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1172 | 14 | 1.2 (0.8 to 2.1) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.4) | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.6) |
ICU outcomes | |||||
Mortality n/% | 403 (34.0) | ||||
LOS ICU (days) | 1186 | 0 | 14.0 (8.0 to 24.0) | 16.0 (6.0 to 34.0) | 15.0 (7.0 to 30.0) |
Transfer destination | 1180 | 6 | |||
Intermediate care | n/a | 51 (6.6) | n/a | ||
Normal ward | n/a | 489 (62.9) | n/a | ||
Other ICU | n/a | 125 (16.1) | n/a | ||
REHAB | n/a | 112 (14.4) | n/a |