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Table 4 Predictors of PTSD symptoms over the first year of bereavement (N = 319)

From: Course and predictors of posttraumatic stress-related symptoms among family members of deceased ICU patients during the first year of bereavement

 

AOR

95% CI

p

Time since a beloved’s death (months)

1

Ref

   

3

0.062

0.016

0.244

< .0001

6

0.052

0.018

0.146

< .0001

13

0.214

0.106

0.431

< .0001

Patient characteristics

Age (years)

0.980

0.924

1.040

0.510

Gender (female vs. male)

2.867

0.884

9.293

0.079

Diagnosis (cancer vs. non-cancer)

0.377

0.124

1.151

0.087

APACHE II scorea

0.976

0.905

1.052

0.530

ICU length of stay (days)

1.036

1.006

1.066

0.019

Family characteristics

Age (years)

0.978

0.906

1.055

0.564

Gender (female vs. male)

2.644

0.834

8.380

0.099

Relationship with the patient (vs. Others)

    

 Spouse

0.940

0.245

3.598

0.927

 Adult child

0.230

0.024

2.238

0.205

Marital status (married vs. unmarried)

1.963

0.515

7.486

0.323

Educational attainment (> vs. ≤ junior high school)

1.582

0.471

5.307

0.458

Financial insufficiency to make ends meet (yes vs. no)

3.166

1.159

8.647

0.025

Preexisting physical and mental health problems in family membersb

Hospital admission with physical problems

1.156

0.123

10.853

0.899

Emergency room visits

3.395

0.773

14.908

0.106

Pain medication use

3.408

1.230

9.441

0.018

Mood medication use

0.534

0.052

5.526

0.599

Family’s perceived social supportc

0.937

0.911

0.965

< .0001

Process-based indicators of high-quality end-of-life cared

Physician-family prognostic communication

1.686

0.225

12.666

0.612

Family meetings conducted

1.022

0.357

2.926

0.968

Palliative care provided

1.549

0.443

5.409

0.493

Social worker involvement

0.501

0.111

2.273

0.371

Do-not-resuscitate order issued

0.073

0.011

0.490

0.007

Death without cardiopulmonary resuscitation

10.871

0.343

344.089

0.176

Withdrawal of life-sustaining treatmentse

0.977

0.374

2.551

0.961

Family presence at patient’s death

2.247

0.752

6.707

0.147

Family satisfaction with end-of-life care in ICUsf

Satisfaction with ICU care

0.988

0.944

1.034

0.604

Satisfaction with decision-making

0.980

0.944

1.018

0.310

  1. aAPACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation
  2. bReference for each preexisting physical and mental health problem: Not experiencing the problem
  3. cMeasured by the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey
  4. dReference for each quality indicator: Not experiencing the event
  5. eLife-sustaining treatments included intubation with mechanical ventilation support, vasopressors, hemodialysis, enteral and/or parenteral hydration and nutrition, antibiotics, transfusion of blood products
  6. fMeasured by the Family Satisfaction in the Intensive Care Unit questionnaire
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Critical Care

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