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Table 1 Baseline characteristics and clinical outcome of the included patients according to the cohort studied

From: Association of intensity of ventilation with 28-day mortality in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure: insights from the PRoVENT-COVID study

 

Overall cohort (n = 825)

Age, years

65.0 (57.0–71.0)

Male gender – no (%)

600 (72.7)

Body mass index, kg/m2

27.8 (25.2–30.8)

Transferred under invasive ventilation

130 (15.8)

Days between intubation and admission

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

Use of non–invasive ventilation prior to intubation – no (%)

67/751 (8.9)

Duration of non–invasive ventilation, h

6.5 (2.0–19.9)

Chest CT scan performed – no (%)

268/799 (33.5)

Lung parenchyma affected – no (%)

 

0%

13/268 (4.9)

25%

88/268 (32.8)

50%

78/268 (29.1)

75%

71/268 (26.5)

100%

18/268 (6.7)

Chest X–ray performed – no (%)

454/525 (86.5)

Quadrants affected – no (%)

 

1

38/453 (8.4)

2

108/453 (23.8)

3

129/453 (28.5)

4

178/453 (39.3)

Severity of ARDS – no (%)

 

No

9/813 (1.1)

Mild

73/813 (9.0)

Moderate

488/813 (60.0)

Severe

243/813 (29.9)

Co–existing disorders – no (%)

 

Hypertension

279 (33.8)

Heart failure

35 (4.2)

Diabetes

191 (23.2)

Chronic kidney disease

37 (4.5)

Baseline creatinine, µmol/L*

78.0 (62.0–98.0)

Liver cirrhosis

3 (0.4)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

68 (8.2)

Active hematological neoplasia

12 (1.5)

Active solid neoplasia

21 (2.5)

Neuromuscular disease

3 (0.4)

Immunosuppression

19 (2.3)

Previous medication – no (%)

 

Systemic steroids

31 (3.8)

Inhalation steroids

92 (11.2)

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor

142 (17.2)

Angiotensin II receptor blocker

90 (10.9)

Beta-blockers

149 (18.1)

Insulin

61 (7.4)

Metformin

135 (16.4)

Statins

251 (30.4)

Calcium channel blockers

157 (19.0)

Vital signs at day 01

 

Heart rate, bpm**

85.0 (74.5–97.8)

Mean arterial pressure, mmHg**

80.5 (73.8–88.0)

Laboratory tests at day 01

 

pH**

7.36 (7.31–7.41)

Worst PaO2/FiO2, mmHg***

123.9 (94.3–160.1)

PaCO2, mmHg**

44.5 (39.5–50.3)

Lactate mmol/L**

1.1 (0.9–1.4)

Organ support at day 01 – no (%)

 

Continuous sedation

790/823 (96.0)

Inotropic or vasopressor

640/823 (77.8)

Vasopressor

639/823 (77.6)

Inotropic

41/823 (5.0)

Fluid balance, mL

539.0 (0.0–1340.0)

Urine output, mL

691.0 (380.0–1155.0)

Ventilation support at day 01

 

Assisted ventilation – no (%)

151/823 (18.3)

Tidal volume, mL/kg PBW**,a

6.4 (5.9–7.0)

Tidal volume ≤ 8 mL/kg PBW

787 (96.1)

PEEP, cmH2O**,a

13.0 (11.0–14.7)

Peak pressure, cmH2O**,a

27.0 (24.2–30.0)

Driving pressure, cmH2O**,a

14.0 (12.0–16.0)

Driving pressure > 15 cmH2O

270 (32.7)

Mechanical power

 

Absolute, J/min**,a

18.5 (15.5–22.2)

Mechanical power > 17 J/min

473 (57.3)

Adjusted by compliance, (J/min)/(mL/cmH2O)

0.57 (0.43–0.75)

Mechanical power > 0.23 (J/min)/(mL/cmH2O)

510 (61.8)

Compliance, mL/cmH2O**,a

32.1 (26.9–39.6)

Total respiratory rate, mpm**,a

21.7 (19.8–24.0)

Set respiratory rate, mpm**,a

22.0 (20.0–24.0)

Minute ventilation, L/min**,a

9.5 (8.4–11.0)

FiO2**

0.57 (0.48–0.68)

etCO2, mmHg**

36.9 (33.0–42.0)

Rescue therapy at day 01 – no (%)

 

Prone positioning

263/811 (32.4)

Duration, h

8.0 (4.0–13.0)

Recruitment maneuver

14/667 (2.1)

ECMO

4/810 (0.5)

Use of NMBA

212/822 (25.8)

Hours of use

0.0 (0.0–8.0)

Clinical outcome

 

28-day mortality

227 (27.5)

  1. Data are median (quartile 25%–quartile 75%) or No (%). Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding
  2. CT computed tomography; ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome; PaO2 arterial partial pressure of oxygen; FiO2 Fraction of inspired oxygen; PaCO2 arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PEEP positive end expiratory pressure; etCO2 End tidal carbon dioxide; ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; NMBA neuromuscular blocking agent
  3. *Most recent measurement in 24 h before intubation, or at ICU admission under invasive ventilation
  4. **Aggregate as the mean of a maximum of four values
  5. ***Worst value of four available
  6. aOnly assessed in moments without spontaneous breathing activity