Table 1 Baseline characteristics*
Beta-blocker (n = 93) | No beta-blocker use (n = 99) | |
|---|---|---|
Age, years | 70.7 ± 11.2 | 70.2 ± 14.0 |
Females—no. (%) | 35 (38%) | 35 (35%) |
Body mass index, median (IQR) | 26.3 (23.0–30.7) | 26.1 (22.9–31.2) |
Ethnicity—no. (%) | ||
Caucasian | 81 (87%) | 84 (85%) |
Non-Caucasian | 12 (13%) | 15 (15%) |
Left ventricular function—no. (%) | ||
Left ventricular ejection fraction, median (IQR)—% | 25 (18–33) | 28 (20–45) |
Etiology of ventricular dysfunction | ||
Ischemic | 58 (62%) | 70 (71%) |
Non-ischemic | 35 (38%) | 28 (29%) |
Co-morbidities—no. (%) | ||
Previous myocardial infarction | 40 (43%) | 28 (28%) |
Previous percutaneous coronary intervention | 32 (34%) | 17 (17%) |
Previous coronary artery bypass grafting | 27 (29%) | 12 (12%) |
Previous stroke/transient ischemic attack | 16 (17%) | 12 (12%) |
Diabetes mellitus | 48 (52%) | 54 (55%) |
Atrial fibrillation | 62 (67%) | 33 (33%) |
Chronic kidney disease | 28 (30%) | 22 (22%) |
Chronic liver disease | 7 (8%) | 6 (6%) |
Medications received in preceding 24 h prior to randomization—no. (%) | ||
Aspirin | 53 (57%) | 74 (75%) |
P2Y12 inhibitor | 37 (40%) | 62 (63%) |
Warfarin | 15 (16%) | 6 (6%) |
Direct oral anticoagulant | 28 (30%) | 11 (11%) |
Statin | 65 (70%) | 61 (62%) |
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin-II receptor blocker, or angiotensin receptor neprolysin inhibitor | 61 (66%) | 24 (24%) |
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | 26 (28%) | 3 (3%) |
Nitrates/hydralazine | 13 (14%) | 10 (10%) |
Diuretic | 77 (83%) | 74 (75%) |
Digoxin | 11 (12%) | 3 (3%) |
Amiodarone | 38 (41%) | 29 (29%) |
Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions cardiogenic shock class—no. (%) | ||
Class A | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Class B | 6 (6%) | 5 (5%) |
Class C | 78 (84%) | 77 (78%) |
Class D | 6 (16%) | 16 (16%) |
Class E | 3 (2%) | 1 (1%) |
Clinical parameters at initiation of inotropes | ||
Heart rate, median (IQR), beats per minute—no. (%) | 90 (72–105) | 92 (76–105) |
Mean arterial pressure, median (IQR), mmHg | 78 (69–85) | 72 (66–83) |
No. of patients on vasopressors—no. (%) | 38 (41%) | 54 (55%) |
Intra-aortic balloon pump—no. (%) | 3 (3%) | 7 (7%) |
Vasoactive-inotropic score, median (IQR) | 2.5 (1.3–11.3) | 4.4 (1.3–15.3) |
Pulmonary artery catheter in-situ—no. (%) | 9 (10%) | 14 (14%) |
Cardiac index, median (IQR), liters/min/metres2 | 1.8 (1.7–2.0) | 1.6 (1.3–1.8) |
Systemic vascular resistance, median (IQR), dynes⋅sec⋅cm−5 | 1872 (1443–2082) | 1505 (1417–2052) |
Mixed venous oxygen saturation, median (IQR), % | 62 (28–73) | 56 (54–65) |
No. of participants requiring non-invasive ventilation | 9 (10%) | 8 (8%) |
No. of participants requiring invasive ventilation | 14 (15%) | 26 (26%) |
Laboratory values at initiation of inotropes | ||
Hemoglobin, median (IQR), g/L | 113 (99–134) | 118 (103–135) |
Creatinine, median (IQR), µmol/L | 161 (127–234) | 141 (110–201) |
Lactate, median (IQR), mmol/L | 3.0 (1.8–4.5) | 2.8 (1.8–4.4) |
Aspartate transaminase, median (IQR), units/L | 111 (41–342) | 200 (64–559) |