Table 1 Demographic, clinical characteristics, and fluid use in the study periods
Demographics | Pre-intervention (n = 1483) | Post-intervention (n = 1,380) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Female n (%) | 791 (47%) | 727 (47%) | 0.7 |
Age (years) | 3.2 (1.2–10.4) | 3.3 (1–10.4) | 0.2 |
Weight (kg) | 14.5 (9.5–30) | 14 (8.7–29.9) | 0.3 |
PRISM III | 3 (0–7) | 3 (0–7) | 0.7 |
Admission source n (%) | 0.2 | ||
Emergency department | 546 (36.8%) | 473 (34.3%) | |
Inpatient | 236 (15.9%) | 260 (18.8%) | |
Operating room | 215 (14.5%) | 189 (13.7%) | |
Outside hospital | 486 (32.8%) | 458 (33.2%) | |
Primary diagnosis category | 0.06 | ||
Respiratory | 825 (55.6%) | 806 (58.4%) | |
Infectious | 152 (10.3%) | 139 (10.1%) | |
Gastrointestinal | 40 (2.7%) | 54 (3.9%) | |
Ingestion | 65 (4.4%) | 40 (2.9%) | |
Cardiovascular | 37 (2.5%) | 34 (2.5%) | |
Endocrine | 67 (4.5%) | 43 (3.1%) | |
Oncologic | 85 (5.7%) | 74 (5.4%) | |
Neurologic | 145 (9.8%) | 122 (8.8%) | |
Orthopedic | 35 (2.4%) | 21 (1.5%) | |
Trauma | 16 (1.1%) | 27 (2%) | |
Renal | 16 (1.1%) | 20 (1.5%) | |
Immunocompromised n (%) | 170 (11%) | 147 (11%) | 0.5 |
Mechanical ventilation n (%) | 32% (474) | 37% (510) | 0.005 |
Septic shock n (%) | 7% (104) | 7% (92) | 0.7 |
Chloride content of maintenance and resuscitation combined | < 0.0001 | ||
Hypochloremic (< 98 mmol/L) | 126 (10%) | 139 (11%) | |
Normochloremic (98–109 mmol/L) | 45 (3.6%) | 591 (46.8%) | |
Hyperchloremic (> 110 mmol/L) | 1087 (86.4%) | 532 (41.2%) | |
Chloride load from resuscitation days 1–3 (mmol/kg) | 3.0 (2.2–4.2) (n = 220) | 2.0 (1.9–3.1) (n = 309) | < 0.0001 |
Chloride load from maintenance days 1–3 (mmol/kg) | 13.5 (4.4–24.5) | 10.9 (4.5–18.8) | < 0.0001 |
Resuscitation fluid type by patient | (n = 220) | (n = 309) | < 0.0001 |
0.9% Saline | 110 (50%) | 25 (8%) | |
Plasma-Lyte | 0 (0%) | 271 (88%) | |
Lactated Ringers | 88 (40%) | 4 (1%) | |
Combination/Other | 22 (10%) | 9 (3%) | |
Maintenance Fluid Type per Patient | (n = 1253) | (n = 1255) | < 0.0001 |
0.45% Saline | 26 (2%) | 19 (1.5%) | |
0.675% Saline | 3 (0.2%) | 35 (3%) | |
0.9% Saline | 83 (7%) | 69 (6%) | |
0.9% + 20 mEq KCl | 633 (51%) | 62 (5%) | |
Plasma-Lyte | 6 (0.5%) | 13 (1%) | |
Lactated Ringers | 8 (0.6%) | 478 (38%) | |
Lactated Ringers + 20 mEq KCl | 4 (0.3%) | 8 (0.6%) | |
Combination/Other | 490 (39%) | 571 (46%) | |