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Table 2 Trials where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein biomarkers were not associated with neurological outcome

From: Association of cerebrospinal fluid protein biomarkers with outcomes in patients with traumatic and non-traumatic acute brain injury: systematic review of the literature

Author (ref)

Study population

Biomarker

Biological function of biomarker

Number of patients (ABI/control)

Source of protein (ABI/control)

Time point of first sampling*

Method of biomarker detection

Outcome measure

Quality (Newcastle–Ottawa)

Jha et al. 2017 [39]

TBI

Sulfonylurea receptor-1

Energy

28/15

vCSF/biobank

24 h after injury

ELISA

3-month GOSa

Martinez-Morillo et al. 2015 [40]

Mixed

NMP

Cytoskeleton

30 HS, 11 IS/10

Biobank/biobank

Median 5 (0–9) days in HS group and 1 (0–3) day in IS group

ELISA

3-month GOS

Bellander et al. 2011 [41]

TBI

S-100β

Cytoskeleton

20/no control

vCSF/no control

At admission

Chemiluminometric

immunoassays

3–12-month GOS

Grossetete et al. 2009 [42]

TBI

MMP-2 and MMP-9

Inflammation

6/4

vCSF/vCSF

Following EVD insertion

Gelatin zymography and Western Blot

RLAFS and GOS

Cardali et al. 2006 [43]

TBI

α-2 spectrin and SBDP

Apoptosis

8/2

vCSF/vCSF

6 h after injury

Western blot and SDS-PAGE

GOS

Farkas et al. 2005 [44]

TBI

Spectrin and SBDP

Apoptosis

12/14

vCSF/mix

Following EVD insertion

ELISA

GOS

Kay et al. 2003 [45]

TBI

Apo E + S100β

Inflammation, cytoskeleton

27/28

vCSF/lCSF

Within three days post-injury

ELISA

GOS

Franz et al. 2003 [46]

TBI

Aβ-amyloid 1–42 and tau protein

Neurodegeneration, cytoskeleton

29/31

15 vCSF, 14 lCSF/lCSF

Between 1- and 284-days post-injury

ELISA

GOS

Raby et al. 1998 [47]

TBI

β-amyloid peptide

1–42

Neurodegeneration

6/24

vCSF/vCSF

NR

ELISA

Western blot

GOS

  1. ABI acute brain injury, Apo-E apolipoprotein E, vCSF ventricular CSF, lCSF lumbar CSF, C-tau cleaved tau protein, DRS Disability Rating Scale, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, GOS Glasgow Outcome Scale, HS hemorrhagic stroke, IS ischemic stroke, NR not reported, MMP matrix metalloproteinase, NMP neurofilament medium polypeptide, SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, RLAFS Rancho Los Amigos functional scale, S-100Β S-100 beta, SBDP spectrin breakdown products, TBI traumatic brain injury; HS hemorrhagic stroke, IS ischemic stroke
  2. *As reported by the author
  3. amean and peak sulfonylurea receptor-1 were elevated in patients with CT edema