Author (ref) | Study population | Biomarker | Biological function of biomarker | Number of patients (ABI/control) | Source of protein (ABI/control) | Time point of first sampling* | Method of biomarker detection | Outcome measure | Quality (Newcastle–Ottawa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jha et al. 2017 [39] | TBI | Sulfonylurea receptor-1 | Energy | 28/15 | vCSF/biobank | 24 h after injury | ELISA | 3-month GOSa | ★★★ |
Martinez-Morillo et al. 2015 [40] | Mixed | NMP | Cytoskeleton | 30 HS, 11 IS/10 | Biobank/biobank | Median 5 (0–9) days in HS group and 1 (0–3) day in IS group | ELISA | 3-month GOS | ★★★★★ |
Bellander et al. 2011 [41] | TBI | S-100β | Cytoskeleton | 20/no control | vCSF/no control | At admission | Chemiluminometric immunoassays | 3–12-month GOS | ★★ |
Grossetete et al. 2009 [42] | TBI | MMP-2 and MMP-9 | Inflammation | 6/4 | vCSF/vCSF | Following EVD insertion | Gelatin zymography and Western Blot | RLAFS and GOS | ★★★ |
Cardali et al. 2006 [43] | TBI | α-2 spectrin and SBDP | Apoptosis | 8/2 | vCSF/vCSF | 6 h after injury | Western blot and SDS-PAGE | GOS | ★★★ |
Farkas et al. 2005 [44] | TBI | Spectrin and SBDP | Apoptosis | 12/14 | vCSF/mix | Following EVD insertion | ELISA | GOS | ★★★ |
Kay et al. 2003 [45] | TBI | Apo E + S100β | Inflammation, cytoskeleton | 27/28 | vCSF/lCSF | Within three days post-injury | ELISA | GOS | ★★★ |
Franz et al. 2003 [46] | TBI | Aβ-amyloid 1–42 and tau protein | Neurodegeneration, cytoskeleton | 29/31 | 15 vCSF, 14 lCSF/lCSF | Between 1- and 284-days post-injury | ELISA | GOS | ★★★ |
Raby et al. 1998 [47] | TBI | β-amyloid peptide 1–42 | Neurodegeneration | 6/24 | vCSF/vCSF | NR | ELISA Western blot | GOS | ★★★★ |