Table 2 Study Population, Nutrition Route and Timing of Intervention
Author, year (country) | N | Population | EN | PN | Start Intervention | Days on Intervention | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High | Low | High | Low | |||||
1. Clifton 1985 (USA) | 20 | Severe head injury | EN only | – | Balance period: ~ 7–14d after injury | Balance period: ~ 7–14d after injury | ~ 7d | ~ 7d |
2. Mesejo 2003 (Spain) | 50 | EN ≥ 5 days, APACHE II 10–25, BMI ≥ 30, no kidney/liver failure | EN only | – | Within 48 h of ICU admission | Within 48 h of ICU admission | 5 d | 5 d |
3. Zhou 2006 (China) | 51 | Severe stroke with GCS < 12 | EN only | – | ≤ 5 days of acute stroke | ≤ 5 days of acute stroke | – (up to 14d) | – (up to 14d) |
4. Singer 2007 (Israel) | 14 | MV with non-oliguric acute renal failure and required PN | – | PN only | D2 of ICU admission | D2 of ICU admission | 3d | 3d |
5. Rugeles 2013 (Columbia) | 80 | Medical, EN ≥ 96 h | EN only | Exclude patients that need PN | ~ ≤ 48 of ICU admission | ~ ≤ 48 of ICU admission | ≥ 96 h (up to 7d) | ≥ 96 h (up to 7d) |
6. Doig 2015 (Australia) | 474 | Mixed, Stay ≥ 2d | Decide by the attending physician | D1-2 of ICU admission | D1-2 of ICU admission | At D7, n = 124 (Until ICU DC: ICU LOS 11.6d) | At D7, n = 120 (Until ICU DC: ICU LOS 10.7d) | |
7. Ferrie 2015 (Australia) | 120 | Mixed, ≥ 3d on PN | – | PN only | 1 (1–2) d in ICU | 1 (1–2) d in ICU | 10.0 (6.8–14.0) d (up to 10d) | 9.5 (7.0–13.5) d (up to 10d) |
8. Jakob 2017 (Switzerland) | 90 | Mixed, EN ≥ 3d, stay ≥ 5d | EN first | PN is only allowed if intolerant to EN | Time to reach full kcal goal: 2.2 (0.8–3.7)d | Time to reach full kcal goal: 2.0 (1.3–2.7)d | 5.0 (3.6–6.4)d (up to 10d) | 7.0 (5.3–8.7)d (up to 10d) |
9. Fetterplace 2018 (Australia) | 60 | Mixed, MV within 48 h and remained ≥ 72 h | EN first | PN is allowed at the discretion of treating physician | Time EN start: 13 ± 8 h | Time EN start: 20 ± 10 h | At D7, n = 15 (up to 15d) | At D7, n = 12 (up to 15d) |
10. van Zanten 2018 (Netherlands) | 44 | Mixed, MV, BMI ≥ 25, EN ≤ 48 h- > 5d | EN first | SPN is allowed if necessary | D1-2 of ICU admission | D1-2 of ICU admission | At D10, n = 16 (up to 28d) | At D10, n = 13 (up to 28d) |
11. Vega-Alava 2018 (Philippines) | 40 | MV, EN | EN only | – | Within 24 h of ICU admission | Within 24 h of ICU admission | – | – |
12. Azevedo 2019 (Brazil) | 120 | Mixed, MV, Stay > 2d | EN first | SPN is allowed after 5 days if caloric goal not achieved | ~ ≤ 3d in the ICU (IC to adjust caloric intake) | ~ ≤ 3d in the ICU (IC to adjust caloric intake) | – (up to 14d) | – (up to 14d) |
13. Danielis 2019 (Italy) | 40 | Mixed, MV within 12 h, BMI 18.5 to 30, no acute/chronic renal or hepatic failure | EN first | SPN allowed to make up the energy shortfall | Once admitted to the ICU and assessed for eligibility | Once admitted to the ICU and assessed for eligibility | – (up to end of MV, onset of acute renal or hepatic failure, transfer to another hospital or death) | |
14. Badjatia 2020 (USA) | 25 | SAH, Stay > 7d, BMI 15 to 40 | EN or oral intake | – | Time EN start: < 24 h of aneurysmal repair | Time EN start: < 24 h of aneurysmal repair | 12 d (range 9–14) | 12 d (range 9–14) |
15. Bukhari 2020^ (Indonesia) | 33 | ICU patients not contraindicated or intolerant to EN | EN only | – | Within 24–48 h of ICU admission | Within 24–48 h of ICU admission | 3d | 3d |
16. Chapple 2020 (Australia) | 116 | Mixed, MV, EN > 2d | EN first | SPN is allowed if deemed necessary by the treating physician | ~ 19 h of ICU admission | ~ 17.6 h of ICU admission | 8.7 ± 7.3d (up to 28d) | 8.1 ± 6.3d (up to 28d) |
17. Nakamura 2020 (Japan) | 117 | Mixed, No lower limb injury, no die or discharge < D10 | EN first | SPN is allowed to reach energy goal within 3d (no IV AA) | Time EN start: < 48 h ICU admission | Time EN start: < 48 h ICU admission | EN: 8 (5–9)d. Oral up to D10 | EN: 8 (5–9)d. Oral up to D10 |
18. Carteron 2021 (France) | 195 | Brain injured (GCS < 8), expected MV > 48 h | EN only | – | Within 36 h of ICU admission | Within 36 h of ICU admission | At D10, n = 52 (up to 10d) | At D10, n = 60 (up to 10d) |
19. Dresen 2021 (Germany) | 42 | Surgical, MV, after stay ≥ 10d, expected stay ≥ 30d | EN first | If nutrition target were not achieved within 24 h, initiate SPN | After ≥ 10 days in the ICU | After ≥ 10 days in the ICU | At D25, n = 15 (up to 28d) | At D25, n = 12 (up to 28d) |