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Table 2 Association between breath-holding measurements and adverse outcomes of COVID-19

From: Breath-holding as a novel approach to risk stratification in COVID-19

 

Primary model

β ± SEM

(p value)

Parsimonious model

β ± SEM

(p value)

Breath-holding measurements

 Mean desaturation (%Hb)

1.27 ± 0.59

(0.002)

1.25 ± 0.54

(0.001)

 Maximal breath-hold duration (s)

0.10 ± 0.05

(0.037)

0.10 ± 0.05

(0.020)

 Ventilatory response (%baseline)

0.00 ± 0.01

(0.9)

—

Covariates

 Body mass index (kg/m2)

0.22 ± 0.22

(0.3)

0.27 ± 0.19

(0.157)

 Baseline SpO2 (%)

 − 0.44 ± 0.22

(0.001)

-0.45 ± 0.22

(0.001)

 Cardiovascular disease

4.47 ± 2.71

(0.064)

5.27 ± 2.38

(0.019)

  1. Association between breath-holding measurements at admission and the adverse composite primary outcome in COVID-19 (multivariable logistic regression). Data shown are β ± SEM (p value); β describes the increase in log-odds of the adverse outcome per change in exposure variable. Primary model: The breath-holding measurements significantly improved the model (likelihood ratio 0.0073, p = 0.02) over a reference model with covariates only (body mass index, baseline SpO2, cardiovascular disease [1 = Present, 0 = Absent], plus age and sex [not shown]). p values are based on likelihood ratio tests. The parsimonious model is a simplified and refined version of the primary model (age, sex, and ventilatory response were removed [p > 0.2]; Intercept = 25.31 ± 17.31). The potential predictive value of the model is illustrated in Fig. 2D and a tool for risk calculation is provided in Additional file 2