Table 3 Comparison of survivors and non-survivors in the whole population of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome
Variable | Survivors (N = 47) | Non-survivors (N = 73) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics of ARDS with or without COVID-19 | |||
Age (years) | 58 (44–70) | 66 (59–73) | 0.028 |
Male (n) | 30 (64) | 50 (68) | 0.741 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 (23.7–31.8) | 28.8 (24.2–32.8) | 0.314 |
SAPS II score | 46 (34–58) | 48 (38–66) | 0.161 |
SOFA total | 7 (4–10) | 8 (4–10) | 0.402 |
SOFA respiration | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–4) | 0.529 |
SOFA hepatic | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | 0.091 |
SOFA cardiovascular | 4 (0–4) | 4 (0–4) | 0.848 |
SOFA coagulation | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | 0.032 |
SOFA central nervous system | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.102 |
SOFA renal | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.878 |
Medical history | |||
Hypertension (n) | 18 (38) | 35 (48) | 0.395 |
Diabetes mellitus (n) | 16 (34) | 24 (33) | 0.947 |
COPD/asthma (n) | 5 (11) | 9 (12) | 0.992 |
Chronic kidney disease (n) | 5 (11) | 12 (16) | 0.534 |
Immunodepression (n) | 14 (30) | 30 (41) | 0.289 |
Smoking (n) | 11 (23) | 22 (30) | 0.551 |
Alcohol abuse (n) | 13 (28) | 12 (16) | 0.212 |
Adjunctive therapies | |||
Prone position (n) | 33 (70) | 56 (77) | 0.562 |
Sessions (n) | 1(1–4) | 2 (1–5) | 0.218 |
NMBA (n) | 33 (70) | 55 (75) | 0.683 |
Corticosteroids (n) | 30 (64) | 46 (63) | 0.918 |
Inhaled nitric oxide (n) | 1 (2) | 9 (12) | 0.102 |
ECMO (n) | 4 (9) | 20 (27) | 0.022 |
Renal replacement therapy (n) | 11 (23) | 28 (38) | 0.132 |
Time from MV to TPTD (days) | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 0.030 |
ICU length of stay (days) | 21 (15–32) | 13 (6–21) | < 0.001 |
Duration of MV (days) | 17 (10–28) | 11 (4–19) | 0.002 |
MV free days at Day 28 (days) | 12 (0–18) | 0 (0–0) | < 0.001 |
Respiratory characteristics at baseline | |||
PaO2/FiO2 (mmHg) | 138 (109–177) | 131 (93–166) | 0.305 |
TV (mL/kg PBW) | 6.0 (5.7–6.3) | 5.9 (5.7–6.2) | 0.135 |
PEEP (cmH2O) | 12 (10–15) | 12 (10–15) | 0.978 |
DP (cmH2O) | 12 (10–15) | 13 (10–16) | 0.422 |
Crs (mL/cmH2O) | 33 (27–41) | 30 (22–38) | 0.125 |
Maximal/minimal values of respiratory characteristics during TPTD monitoring | |||
PaO2/FiO2min (mmHg) | 110 (85–131) | 81 (70–104) | 0.000 |
PEEPmax (cmH2O) | 14 (12–16) | 14 (12–16) | 0.939 |
DPmax (cmH2O) | 16 (12–18) | 17 (14–22) | 0.015 |
Crsmin (mL/cmH2O) | 26 (21–32) | 24 (16–27) | 0.021 |
Hemodynamic variables and CRP at baseline | |||
CI (L/min/m2) | 3.2 (2.6–4.1) | 2.8 (2.1 3.7) | 0.038 |
GEDVi (mL/m2) | 696 (580–796) | 739 (594–886) | 0.235 |
EVLWi (mL/kg) | 14 (10–18) | 17 (13–21) | 0.024 |
PVPI | 3.1 (2.3–3.7) | 3.3 (2.5–4.4) | 0.118 |
GEF (%) | 20 (16–25) | 18 (14–23) | 0.054 |
NE (µg/kg/min) | 0.42 (0.14–0.83) | 0.61 (0.29–1.29) | 0.063 |
Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.85 (1.20–2.50) | 2.00 (1.40–2.80) | 0.366 |
CRP (mg/L) | 209 (133–293) | 225 (123–315) | 0.451 |
Maximal/minimal values of TPTD variables during TPTD monitoring | |||
CImin (L/min/m2) | 2.6 (2.0–3.1) | 2.4 (2.0–2.7) | 0.153 |
GEDVimin (mL/m2) | 588 (534–689) | 661 (548–770) | 0.042 |
EVLWimax (mL/kg) | 19 (15–24) | 23 (18–26) | 0.001 |
PVPImax | 3.8 (3.3–4.7) | 4.5 (3.8–5.8) | 0.003 |
GEFmin (%) | 16 (12–19) | 16 (11–19) | 0.359 |
NEmax. (µg/kg/min) | 0.40 (0.10–1.10) | 0.76 (0.50–1.43) | 0.007 |
Lactatemax (mmol/L) | 2.1 (1.7–3.3) | 2.5 (1.9–4.1) | 0.097 |
Fluid balance (mL/day) | 809 (35–1286) | 1206 (648–2046) | 0.004 |