Table 4 Summary of clinical findings of patients receiving extracorporeal treatments for β-adrenergic antagonist removal

Patient characteristics

Age, years

20 (17–27)

45 (28–74)

21

49

31 (15–49)

66 (44–78)

21 (20–47)

Men, %

0

56

0

0

44

78

50

ESKD, %

0

11

0

0

0

44

0

Poisoning information

Intentional overdose, %

100

89

100

100

100

44

100

Dose if acute ingestion, g

8.4 (4.8–12)

4.5 (2.5–10)

1.8

0.5

3.1 (0.6–5.0)

8.0 (7.2–14.4)

2.5 (1.5–5.0)

Peak concentration, mg/L

14 (10–18)

14 (2.5–70)

0.6

2.8

1.5 (0.04–3)

17 (2.5–65)

5.5 (5.0–6.1)

Time from ingestion to admission, hours

2 (2–2)

6.5 (2–8)

0.8

2 (1–8)

2.5 (1–4)

6 (2–8)

Signs/ Symptoms / Labs

Coma, %

100

89

100

100

50

100

75

Altered consciousness, %

100

100

100

100

83

100

75

Bradycardia, %

100

100

100

100

100

50

100

Severe dysrhythmia, %

25

0

100

0

33

100

25

Hypotension, %

100

100

100

100

75

89

100

QRS complex duration, msec

260

128 (98–160)

N/A

N/A

104

120 (104–140)

420

Prolonged QRS complex duration, %

100

43

0

0

N/A

25

50

QT interval duration, msec

N/A

440 (400–448)

N/A

N/A

N/A

618 (509–880)

440

Prolonged QT interval, %

N/A

17

N/A

N/A

N/A

100

25

Acute kidney injury, %

100

87.5

100

0

0

38

0

Serum glucose, mmol/L

14.7

7.7 (2.2–19.2)

8.3

N/A

10.7

4.4 (1.4–7.4)

N/A

Serum bicarbonate, mmol/L

16

19 (10.8–21)

N/A

N/A

20 (15–25)

17

N/A

Serum lactate, mmol/L

1.9

4.6 (1.8–9.3)

4.7

N/A

7.6 (1.9–13.2)

1.9

N/A

Serum potassium, mmol/L

3.2

4.3 (< 0.8–8.5)

5.9

N/A

4.2 (3.7–4.7)

5.1 (3.8–7.1)

N/A

Other treatments

Gastric lavage, %

25

44

0

0

67

22

75

Activated charcoal, %

75

56

0

100

50

11

25

Vasopressors/ inotropes, %

100

100

100

100

50

75

75

Mechanical ventilation, %

100

100

0

100

17

75

75

Atropine, %

100

56

0

100

67

22

25

Lipid emulsion, %

0

11

0

0

16

0

0

Pacemaker, %

100

44

100

100

33

88

50

High-dose insulin euglycemic therapy, %

0

67

0

0

33

0

0

Glucagon, %

75

100

100

100

83

33

25

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS), %

25

22

100

0

0

0

0

Extracorporeal treatments

Hemodialysis, n

1

3

0

0

0

6

0

TPE, n

0

0

1

0

2

0

0

CKRT, n

0

3

0

0

0

1

0

More than 1 ECTR, n

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

HF-HP, n

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

HD-HP, n

1

1

0

0

3

1

1

HP, n

1

0

0

1

4

0

3

Outcome

Death, %

0

11

0

0

11

11

50

Sequelae, %

25

11

0

0

N/A

11

N/A

Length of stay, days

30 (7–49)

22 (12–32)

23

N/A

6 (5–32)

20

N/A

Length of ICU stay, days

2 (2–2)

9.5 (1.5–28)

8

3

8.5 (4–13)

3 (2–6)

N/A

Length of life-threatening dysrhythmia

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

56

16 (12–120)

N/A

Length of prolonged QT interval, msec

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

37 (30–120)

N/A

Length of bradycardia/hypotension, hours

25 (24–26)

48 (20–168)

120

18

67 (24–70)

36

9