Overall N = 234 | Standard oxygen therapy N = 54 | High-flow oxygen therapy N = 45 | Non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation N = 43 | Invasive mechanical ventilation N = 92 | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time from hospital admission to intubation, days | 2 [1, 5] | 3 [1, 5] | 3 [2, 6] | 4 [3, 7] | 1 [0, 3] | <0.001 |
Duration of noninvasive respiratory support, days | 1 [1, 2] | 1 [1, 1] | 1 [1, 2] | 1 [1, 2] | 0 [0, 0] | 0.109 |
SOFA score on intubation day | 6 [5, 8] | 6 [6, 8] | 7 [6, 8] | 6 [5, 7] | 7 [6, 8] | 0.258 |
Ventilatory parameters after intubation | ||||||
FiO2, % | 60 [44, 75] | 50 [40, 67] | 60 [44, 67] | 45 [41, 65] | 63 [45, 80] | 0.022 |
SpO2, % | 94 [90, 97] | 91 [88, 95] | 94 [91, 96] | 93 [89, 96] | 96 [92, 97] | 0.082 |
PaO2/FiO2, mmHg | 137 [95, 179] | 143 [94, 195] | 136 [99, 181] | 146 [108, 169] | 123 [90, 165] | 0.256 |
PaCO2, kPa | 5.5 [4.7, 6.4] | 5.8 [5.1, 6.7] | 5.8 [4.7, 6.6] | 5.7 [4.9, 6.4] | 5.1 [4.3, 5.8] | 0.002 |
Tidal volume/IBW, ml/kg | 6.0 [5.6 , 7] | 6.4 [5.7, 7.0] | 6.0 [5.5, 6.7] | 6.0 [5.6, 7.3] | 6.1 [5.7, 7.1] | 0.982 |
Respiratory rate, 1/min | 24 [20, 28] | 24 [20, 28] | 21 [18, 27] | 23 [20. 27] | 24 [21, 30] | 0.008 |
PEEP, cmH2O | 12 [10, 12] | 10 [10, 12] | 10 [10, 12] | 12 [10, 14] | 12 [10, 14] | 0.266 |
Plateau pressure, cmH2O | 23 [21, 26] | 24 [22, 25] | 24 [22, 25] | 24 [23, 27] | 21 [21, 25] | 0.838 |
Driving pressure, cmH2O | 13 [10, 14] | 13 [10, 14] | 14 [12, 15] | 13 [12, 14] | 11 [10, 14] | 0.96 |
Static compliance, ml/cmH2O | 35 [26, 44] | 34 [27, 44] | 29 [25, 36] | 28 [24, 34] | 36 [31, 49] | 0.603 |
Treatment | ||||||
Corticosteroids | 50 (21) | 11 (20) | 13 (29) | 12 (28) | 14 (15) | 0.194 |
Organ failure and support during ICU stay | ||||||
Prone positioning | 148 (63) | 35 (64) | 31 (68) | 27 (62) | 55 (59) | 0.764 |
Decrease in CRP from Day 0–7, % | 27 [−77, 83] | 19 [−100, 67] | 17 [−27, 90] | 21 [−103, 85] | 42 [−48, 87] | 0.02* |
Vasopressors | 187 (80) | 45 (83) | 38 (84) | 39 (91) | 65 (71) | 0.029 |
Acute kidney injury | 52 (22) | 9 (17) | 16 (36) | 11 (26) | 16 (17) | 0.068 |
Renal replacement therapy | 40 (17) | 9 (17) | 9 (20) | 6 (14) | 16 (17) | 0.901 |
Tracheotomy | 41 (17) | 7 (13) | 11 (24) | 7 (16) | 16 (17) | 0.346 |
Outcome | ||||||
Withdrawal of life supporting therapies | 38 (17) | 11 (20) | 6 (13) | 7 (17) | 14 (17) | 0.857 |
ICU length of stay, days | 16 [9, 26] | 13 [7, 21] | 21 [13, 29] | 18 [9, 27] | 15 [9, 24] | 0.052 |
ICU mortality | 65 (28) | 12 (21) | 14 (31) | 16 (37) | 23 (25) | 0.342 |