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Table 1 Characteristics of patients in the derivation cohort according to clusters

From: Coagulation phenotypes in sepsis and effects of recombinant human thrombomodulin: an analysis of three multicentre observational studies

 

Overall

Cluster dA

Cluster dB

Cluster dC

Cluster dD

P*

Variables

n = 3694

n = 323

n = 629

n = 1147

n = 1595

 

Age*, median (IQR)

72.0 (62.0, 81.0)

72.0 (58.0, 80.0)

72.0 (63.0, 81.0)

73.0 (63.0, 81.0)

72.0 (62.0, 80.0)

0.25

Sex*, female

1468 (39.7%)

164 (50.8%)

268 (42.6%)

483 (42.1%)

553 (34.7%)

< 0.001

Body weight kg, median (IQR)

54.7 (46.6, 64.2)

55.0 (47.5, 64.0)

52.0 (45.0, 61.1)

55.0 (46.8, 64.3)

55.0 (47.0, 65.0)

< 0.001

Comorbidity*

      

 Liver

149 (4.0%)

28 (8.7%)

73 (11.6%)

30 (2.6%)

18 (1.1%)

< 0.001

 Respiratory

141 (3.8%)

8 (2.5%)

23 (3.7%)

43 (3.7%)

67 (4.2%)

0.52

 Cardiovascular

316 (8.6%)

20 (6.2%)

49 (7.8%)

97 (8.5%)

150 (9.4%)

0.23

 Renal

306 (8.3%)

24 (7.4%)

50 (7.9%)

111 (9.7%)

121 (7.6%)

0.23

 Immunodeficiency

709 (19.2%)

62 (19.2%)

119 (18.9%)

233 (20.3%)

295 (18.5%)

0.69

Infection site

     

< 0.001

 Unknown

218 (6.8%)

32 (11.0%)

49 (8.4%)

64 (6.4%)

73 (5.5%)

 

 Catheter-related

44 (1.4%)

1 (0.3%)

6 (1.0%)

19 (1.9%)

18 (1.4%)

 

 Bone/soft tissue

374 (11.7%)

20 (6.9%)

60 (10.3%)

108 (10.9%)

186 (14.0%)

 

 Cardiovascular

68 (2.1%)

13 (4.5%)

4 (0.7%)

26 (2.6%)

25 (1.9%)

 

 Central nervous system

63 (2.0%)

14 (4.8%)

1 (0.2%)

26 (2.6%)

22 (1.7%)

 

 Urinary tract

509 (15.9%)

71 (24.5%)

40 (6.8%)

210 (21.1%)

188 (14.2%)

 

 Lung/thoracic

827 (25.9%)

38 (13.1%)

117 (20.0%)

243 (24.4%)

429 (32.3%)

 

 Abdomen

1032 (32.3%)

94 (32.4%)

294 (50.3%)

279 (28.1%)

365 (27.5%)

 

 Other

60 (1.9%)

7 (2.4%)

13 (2.2%)

19 (1.9%)

21 (1.6%)

 

APACHE II, median (IQR)

22.0 (17.0, 28.0)

26.0 (20.0, 33.0)

26.0 (19.0, 32.0)

23.0 (17.0, 29.0)

20.0 (15.0, 26.0)

< 0.001

SIRS score, median (IQR)

3.0 (2.0, 4.0)

3.0 (3.0, 4.0)

3.0 (2.0, 4.0)

3.0 (2.0, 4.0)

3.0 (2.0, 4.0)

< 0.001

SOFA scores*

9.0 (6.0, 12.0)

13.0 (10.0, 16.0)

11.0 (9.0, 14.0)

10.0 (7.0, 12.0)

7.0 (5.0, 10.0)

< 0.001

Lab data

      

 White blood cell (103/μL), median (IQR)

11.3 (4.8, 17.8)

12.2 (4.6, 19.7)

7.8 (2.2, 15.5)

11.7 (6.0, 18.6)

11.6 (6.0, 17.5)

< 0.001

 Platelet (103/μL), median (IQR)

122.0 (65.0, 194.0)

59.5 (32.0, 92.0)

78.0 (46.5, 128.0)

103.0 (54.0, 162.0)

178.0 (121.0, 252.0)

< 0.001

 PT-INR, median (IQR)

1.3 (1.2, 1.6)

1.6 (1.4, 2.1)

1.7 (1.5, 2.2)

1.3 (1.2, 1.5)

1.2 (1.1, 1.4)

< 0.001

 Fibrinogen (mg/mL), median (IQR)

421.0 (296.0, 528.9)

231.0 (151.0, 311.0)

245.3 (157.0, 350.0)

452.0 (367.0, 563.0)

476.9 (395.3, 576.0)

< 0.001

 FDP (μg/mL), median (IQR)

17.6 (10.1, 36.2)

120.2 (79.2, 266.0)

16.0 (10.4, 24.0)

34.3 (22.8, 55.1)

10.0 (7.6, 13.8)

< 0.001

 D-dimer (μg/mL), median (IQR)

7.8 (3.9, 17.2)

51.9 (35.2, 113.0)

7.7 (4.8, 11.7)

15.4 (10.5, 25.0)

3.8 (2.7, 5.6)

< 0.001

 Antithrombin (%), median (IQR)

60.0 (50.8, 69.0)

52.0 (42.4, 60.5)

42.6 (33.0, 50.4)

60.1 (54.0, 68.0)

66.0 (59.0, 73.7)

< 0.001

 Lactate (mmol/L), median (IQR)

2.9 (1.7, 5.7)

5.3 (2.9, 10.1)

4.3 (2.3, 8.0)

2.7 (1.5, 5.4)

2.3 (1.4, 4.1)

< 0.001

ISTH DIC score

     

< 0.001

 0

685 (18.7%)

0 (0.0%)

15 (2.4%)

25 (2.2%)

645 (41.1%)

 

 1

239 (6.5%)

2 (0.6%)

17 (2.7%)

15 (1.3%)

205 (13.0%)

 

 2

701 (19.2%)

3 (0.9%)

104 (16.6%)

116 (10.2%)

478 (30.4%)

 

 3

592 (16.2%)

25 (7.8%)

99 (15.8%)

327 (28.8%)

141 (9.0%)

 

 4

530 (14.5%)

42 (13.0%)

143 (22.8%)

261 (23.0%)

84 (5.3%)

 

 5

441 (12.1%)

79 (24.5%)

105 (16.7%)

240 (21.1%)

17 (1.1%)

 

 6

250 (6.8%)

78 (24.2%)

83 (13.2%)

88 (7.7%)

1 (0.1%)

 

 7

169 (4.6%)

72 (22.4%)

38 (6.1%)

59 (5.2%)

0 (0.0%)

 

 8

40 (1.1%)

20 (6.2%)

15 (2.4%)

5 (0.4%)

0 (0.0%)

 

 ISTH DIC score ≥ 5

1430 (39.2%)

291 (90.7%)

384 (62.0%)

653 (57.5%)

102 (6.5%)

 

Managements

      

 rhTM

969 (29.3%)

128 (44.1%)

184 (31.5%)

334 (33.6%)

210 (15.8%)

< 0.001

 Vasopressor use

2789 (75.5%)

289 (89.5%)

558 (88.7%)

882 (76.9%)

1060 (66.5%)

< 0.001

 Renal replacement therapy

971 (26.3%)

135 (41.8%)

220 (35.0%)

339 (29.6%)

277 (17.4%)

< 0.001

 Steroids

894 (24.2%)

112 (34.7%)

214 (34.1%)

285 (24.8%)

283 (17.7%)

< 0.001

 Intravenous immunoglobulin

1088 (29.5%)

116 (35.9%)

239 (38.0%)

362 (31.6%)

371 (23.3%)

< 0.001

 Antithrombin

1092 (29.6%)

161 (49.8%)

296 (47.1%)

367 (32.0%)

268 (16.8%)

< 0.001

Outcomes

      

 28-day death

753 (20.4%)

117 (36.2%)

198 (31.5%)

200 (17.4%)

238 (14.9%)

< 0.001

 In-hospital death

1186 (32.1%)

151 (46.8%)

301 (47.9%)

358 (31.0%)

376 (23.6%)

< 0.001

  1. Six coagulation markers (bold font) were used for clustering
  2. APACHE acute physiology and chronic health evaluation, DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation, FDP fibrinogen/fibrin degradation product, IQR interquartile range, PT-INR prothrombin time-international normalised ratio, SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, WBC white blood cells
  3. Variables with asterisk (*) were potential confounders that were adjusted in a generalised estimating equation. *P between clusters