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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients

From: Surge effects and survival to hospital discharge in critical care patients with COVID-19 during the early pandemic: a cohort study

 

Overall (n = 620)

First period (n = 35)

Second period (n = 168)

Third period (n = 164)

Fourth period (n = 125)

Fifth period (n = 94)

Sixth period (n = 34)

P value

Date range

Mar 01–May 15

Mar 01–Mar 14

Mar 15–Mar 28

Mar 29–April 11

April 12–April 25

April 26–May 09

May 10–May 15

Hospital occupancy (%)a, median, [interquartile range (IQR)]

54.5 (45.0–63.4)

70.7 (63.8–85.8)

55.35 (44.1–61.9)

48.1 (41.7–55.0)

53.7 (43.0–61.1)

59.4 (52.8–65.6)

61.7 (51.1–72.4)

< 0.001

COVID-19-positive/PUI census (%)b, median (IQR)

9.8 (6.6–14.8)

4.7 (1.2–7.7)

10.5 (8.0–14.9)

12.0 (8.2–15.7)

9.2 (5.6–16.7)

8.1 (3.9–14.3)

7.2 (4.1–9.6)

< 0.001

COVID-19-positive census (%)c, median (IQR)

4.6 (1.7–7.7)

0.4 (0.0–2.1)

2.1 (0.8–4.5)

5.6 (3.3–8.2)

6.3 (3.4–10.7)

5.8 (2.7–10.7)

4.9 (1.6–6.8)

< 0.001

Age (years), mean [standard deviation (SD)]

63.5 (15.7)

63.7 (15.7)

63.1 (14.6)

63.4 (15.5)

65.8 (14.7)

61.9 (17.2)

61.7 (19.6)

0.514

Male sex, n (%)

430 (69.4)

21 (60.0)

119 (70.8)

124 (75.6)

83 (66.4)

58 (61.7)

25 (73.5)

0.155

BMI, median (IQR)

28.2 (24.3–33.1)

28.3 (23.5–32.5)

30.0 (25.8–34.1)

27.2 (23.6–31.2)

28.1 (24.4–33.9)

27.2 (22.9–32.5)

28.7 (24.3–35.3)

0.002

Race/ethnicity, n (%)

       

0.012

 White or Caucasian

267 (43.1)

22 (62.9)

88 (52.4)

54 (32.9)

53 (42.4)

36 (38.3)

14 (41.2)

 

 Asian

53 (8.5)

5 (14.3)

13 (7.7)

15 (9.1)

9 (7.2)

10 (10.6)

1 (2.9)

 

 Black or African-American

31 (5.0)

0 (0.0)

11 (6.5)

11 (6.7)

6 (4.8)

2 (2.1)

1 (2.9)

 

 Hispanic or Latino

181 (29.2)

3 (8.6)

37 (22.0)

52 (31.7)

41 (32.8)

34 (36.2)

14 (41.2)

 

 Other/unknown

88 (14.2)

5 (14.3)

19 (11.3)

32 (19.5)

16 (12.8)

12 (12.8)

4 (11.8)

 

Median income, mean (SD)

68,943.4 (18,019.3)

60,106.7 (18,987.3)

66,875.7 (17,983.1)

67,368.2 (16,857.2)

71,623.9 (17,064.6)

76,244.6 (18,939.9)

65,814.1 (16,360.8)

< 0.001

Smoking status, n (%)

       

0.170

 Never smoker

368 (59.4)

21 (60.0)

96 (57.1)

102 (62.2)

71 (56.8)

56 (59.6)

22 (64.7)

 

 Current smoker

31 (5.0)

1 (2.9)

6 (3.6)

7 (4.3)

10 (8.0)

6 (6.4)

1 (2.9)

 

 Former smoker

174 (28.1)

12 (34.3)

60 (35.7)

41 (25.0)

32 (25.6)

20 (21.3)

9 (26.5)

 

 Unknown

47 (7.6)

1 (2.9)

6 (3.6)

14 (8.5)

12 (9.6)

12 (12.8)

2 (5.9)

 

Marital status, n (%)

       

0.005

 Not married

279 (45.0)

13 (37.1)

67 (39.9)

62 (37.8)

65 (52.0)

52 (55.3)

20 (58.8)

 

 Married

303 (48.9)

22 (62.9)

94 (56.0)

88 (53.7)

53 (42.4)

33 (35.1)

13 (38.2)

 

 Unknown

38 (6.1)

0 (0.0)

7 (4.2)

14 (8.5)

7 (5.6)

9 (9.6)

1 (2.9)

 

Hypertension, n (%)

195 (31.5)

12 (34.3)

50 (29.8)

45 (27.4)

41 (32.8)

36 (38.3)

11 (32.4)

0.588

Diabetes, n (%)

174 (28.1)

9 (25.7)

41 (24.4)

51 (31.1)

31 (24.8)

33 (35.1)

9 (26.5)

0.420

Chronic kidney disease, n (%)

71 (11.5)

4 (11.4)

13 (7.7)

14 (8.5)

23 (18.4)

7 (7.4)

10 (29.4)

0.001

Coronary artery disease, n (%)

53 (8.5)

5 (14.3)

13 (7.7)

12 (7.3)

11 (8.8)

7 (7.4)

5 (14.7)

0.588

Congestive heart failure, n (%)

48 (7.7)

5 (14.3)

13 (7.7)

6 (3.7)

11 (8.8)

11 (11.7)

2 (5.9)

0.138

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), n (%)

43 (6.9)

3 (8.6)

11 (6.5)

6 (3.7)

13 (10.4)

8 (8.5)

2 (5.9)

0.341

Asthma, n (%)

32 (5.2)

4 (11.4)

11 (6.5)

4 (2.4)

9 (7.2)

4 (4.3)

0 (0.0)

0.108

Cirrhosis, n (%)

9 (1.5)

1 (2.9)

1 (0.6)

3 (1.8)

2 (1.6)

2 (2.1)

0 (0.0)

0.802

End-stage renal disease (ESRD), n (%)

17 (2.7)

0 (0.0)

2 (1.2)

4 (2.4)

6 (4.8)

3 (3.2)

2 (5.9)

0.319

Total comorbidities, n (%)

       

0.026

 0

277 (44.7)

10 (28.6)

74 (44.0)

74 (45.1)

63 (50.4)

40 (42.6)

16 (47.1)

 

 1

163 (26.3)

10 (28.6)

52 (31.0)

52 (31.7)

19 (15.2)

24 (25.5)

6 (17.6)

 

 2 +

180 (29.0)

15 (42.9)

42 (25.0)

38 (23.2)

43 (34.4)

30 (31.9)

12 (35.3)

 

Initial Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score, mean (SD)

3.97 (2.99)

3.34 (2.63)

3.61 (3.04)

4.33 (3.02)

4.16 (2.79)

3.72 (2.95)

4.62 (3.48)

0.104

World Health Organization (WHO) score at admission (%)

       

0.001

 2

14 (2.3)

0 (0.0)

3 (1.8)

2 (1.2)

4 (3.2)

5 (5.3)

0 (0.0)

 

 3

133 (21.5)

10 (28.6)

38 (22.6)

30 (18.3)

23 (18.4)

26 (27.7)

6 (17.6)

 

 4

293 (47.3)

18 (51.4)

85 (50.6)

80 (48.8)

56 (44.8)

35 (37.2)

19 (55.9)

 

 5

62 (10.0)

3 (8.6)

6 (3.6)

10 (6.1)

24 (19.2)

17 (18.1)

2 (5.9)

 

 6

33 (5.3)

3 (8.6)

10 (6.0)

10 (6.1)

5 (4.0)

3 (3.2)

2 (5.9)

 

 7

82 (13.2)

1 (2.9)

26 (15.5)

31 (18.9)

13 (10.4)

6 (6.4)

5 (14.7)

 

 8

3 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

2 (2.1)

0 (0.0)

 
  1. aInpatient census on the day of admission/total number of licensed hospital beds × 100
  2. bSum of COVID-19-positive and PUI censuses on the day of patient admission/total number of licensed hospital beds × 100
  3. cSum of COVID-19-positive censuses on the day of patient admission/total number of licensed hospital beds × 100
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