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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients

From: Surge effects and survival to hospital discharge in critical care patients with COVID-19 during the early pandemic: a cohort study

  Overall (n = 620) First period (n = 35) Second period (n = 168) Third period (n = 164) Fourth period (n = 125) Fifth period (n = 94) Sixth period (n = 34) P value
Date range Mar 01–May 15 Mar 01–Mar 14 Mar 15–Mar 28 Mar 29–April 11 April 12–April 25 April 26–May 09 May 10–May 15
Hospital occupancy (%)a, median, [interquartile range (IQR)] 54.5 (45.0–63.4) 70.7 (63.8–85.8) 55.35 (44.1–61.9) 48.1 (41.7–55.0) 53.7 (43.0–61.1) 59.4 (52.8–65.6) 61.7 (51.1–72.4) < 0.001
COVID-19-positive/PUI census (%)b, median (IQR) 9.8 (6.6–14.8) 4.7 (1.2–7.7) 10.5 (8.0–14.9) 12.0 (8.2–15.7) 9.2 (5.6–16.7) 8.1 (3.9–14.3) 7.2 (4.1–9.6) < 0.001
COVID-19-positive census (%)c, median (IQR) 4.6 (1.7–7.7) 0.4 (0.0–2.1) 2.1 (0.8–4.5) 5.6 (3.3–8.2) 6.3 (3.4–10.7) 5.8 (2.7–10.7) 4.9 (1.6–6.8) < 0.001
Age (years), mean [standard deviation (SD)] 63.5 (15.7) 63.7 (15.7) 63.1 (14.6) 63.4 (15.5) 65.8 (14.7) 61.9 (17.2) 61.7 (19.6) 0.514
Male sex, n (%) 430 (69.4) 21 (60.0) 119 (70.8) 124 (75.6) 83 (66.4) 58 (61.7) 25 (73.5) 0.155
BMI, median (IQR) 28.2 (24.3–33.1) 28.3 (23.5–32.5) 30.0 (25.8–34.1) 27.2 (23.6–31.2) 28.1 (24.4–33.9) 27.2 (22.9–32.5) 28.7 (24.3–35.3) 0.002
Race/ethnicity, n (%)         0.012
 White or Caucasian 267 (43.1) 22 (62.9) 88 (52.4) 54 (32.9) 53 (42.4) 36 (38.3) 14 (41.2)  
 Asian 53 (8.5) 5 (14.3) 13 (7.7) 15 (9.1) 9 (7.2) 10 (10.6) 1 (2.9)  
 Black or African-American 31 (5.0) 0 (0.0) 11 (6.5) 11 (6.7) 6 (4.8) 2 (2.1) 1 (2.9)  
 Hispanic or Latino 181 (29.2) 3 (8.6) 37 (22.0) 52 (31.7) 41 (32.8) 34 (36.2) 14 (41.2)  
 Other/unknown 88 (14.2) 5 (14.3) 19 (11.3) 32 (19.5) 16 (12.8) 12 (12.8) 4 (11.8)  
Median income, mean (SD) 68,943.4 (18,019.3) 60,106.7 (18,987.3) 66,875.7 (17,983.1) 67,368.2 (16,857.2) 71,623.9 (17,064.6) 76,244.6 (18,939.9) 65,814.1 (16,360.8) < 0.001
Smoking status, n (%)         0.170
 Never smoker 368 (59.4) 21 (60.0) 96 (57.1) 102 (62.2) 71 (56.8) 56 (59.6) 22 (64.7)  
 Current smoker 31 (5.0) 1 (2.9) 6 (3.6) 7 (4.3) 10 (8.0) 6 (6.4) 1 (2.9)  
 Former smoker 174 (28.1) 12 (34.3) 60 (35.7) 41 (25.0) 32 (25.6) 20 (21.3) 9 (26.5)  
 Unknown 47 (7.6) 1 (2.9) 6 (3.6) 14 (8.5) 12 (9.6) 12 (12.8) 2 (5.9)  
Marital status, n (%)         0.005
 Not married 279 (45.0) 13 (37.1) 67 (39.9) 62 (37.8) 65 (52.0) 52 (55.3) 20 (58.8)  
 Married 303 (48.9) 22 (62.9) 94 (56.0) 88 (53.7) 53 (42.4) 33 (35.1) 13 (38.2)  
 Unknown 38 (6.1) 0 (0.0) 7 (4.2) 14 (8.5) 7 (5.6) 9 (9.6) 1 (2.9)  
Hypertension, n (%) 195 (31.5) 12 (34.3) 50 (29.8) 45 (27.4) 41 (32.8) 36 (38.3) 11 (32.4) 0.588
Diabetes, n (%) 174 (28.1) 9 (25.7) 41 (24.4) 51 (31.1) 31 (24.8) 33 (35.1) 9 (26.5) 0.420
Chronic kidney disease, n (%) 71 (11.5) 4 (11.4) 13 (7.7) 14 (8.5) 23 (18.4) 7 (7.4) 10 (29.4) 0.001
Coronary artery disease, n (%) 53 (8.5) 5 (14.3) 13 (7.7) 12 (7.3) 11 (8.8) 7 (7.4) 5 (14.7) 0.588
Congestive heart failure, n (%) 48 (7.7) 5 (14.3) 13 (7.7) 6 (3.7) 11 (8.8) 11 (11.7) 2 (5.9) 0.138
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), n (%) 43 (6.9) 3 (8.6) 11 (6.5) 6 (3.7) 13 (10.4) 8 (8.5) 2 (5.9) 0.341
Asthma, n (%) 32 (5.2) 4 (11.4) 11 (6.5) 4 (2.4) 9 (7.2) 4 (4.3) 0 (0.0) 0.108
Cirrhosis, n (%) 9 (1.5) 1 (2.9) 1 (0.6) 3 (1.8) 2 (1.6) 2 (2.1) 0 (0.0) 0.802
End-stage renal disease (ESRD), n (%) 17 (2.7) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.2) 4 (2.4) 6 (4.8) 3 (3.2) 2 (5.9) 0.319
Total comorbidities, n (%)         0.026
 0 277 (44.7) 10 (28.6) 74 (44.0) 74 (45.1) 63 (50.4) 40 (42.6) 16 (47.1)  
 1 163 (26.3) 10 (28.6) 52 (31.0) 52 (31.7) 19 (15.2) 24 (25.5) 6 (17.6)  
 2 + 180 (29.0) 15 (42.9) 42 (25.0) 38 (23.2) 43 (34.4) 30 (31.9) 12 (35.3)  
Initial Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score, mean (SD) 3.97 (2.99) 3.34 (2.63) 3.61 (3.04) 4.33 (3.02) 4.16 (2.79) 3.72 (2.95) 4.62 (3.48) 0.104
World Health Organization (WHO) score at admission (%)         0.001
 2 14 (2.3) 0 (0.0) 3 (1.8) 2 (1.2) 4 (3.2) 5 (5.3) 0 (0.0)  
 3 133 (21.5) 10 (28.6) 38 (22.6) 30 (18.3) 23 (18.4) 26 (27.7) 6 (17.6)  
 4 293 (47.3) 18 (51.4) 85 (50.6) 80 (48.8) 56 (44.8) 35 (37.2) 19 (55.9)  
 5 62 (10.0) 3 (8.6) 6 (3.6) 10 (6.1) 24 (19.2) 17 (18.1) 2 (5.9)  
 6 33 (5.3) 3 (8.6) 10 (6.0) 10 (6.1) 5 (4.0) 3 (3.2) 2 (5.9)  
 7 82 (13.2) 1 (2.9) 26 (15.5) 31 (18.9) 13 (10.4) 6 (6.4) 5 (14.7)  
 8 3 (0.5) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.6) 0 (0.0) 2 (2.1) 0 (0.0)  
  1. aInpatient census on the day of admission/total number of licensed hospital beds × 100
  2. bSum of COVID-19-positive and PUI censuses on the day of patient admission/total number of licensed hospital beds × 100
  3. cSum of COVID-19-positive censuses on the day of patient admission/total number of licensed hospital beds × 100
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Critical Care

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