Table 5 Characteristics of patients at ICU admission, COVID-19 disease course, in-hospital treatments and outcome: comparisons by VAP type (mono-microbial vs. poly-microbial)
|
Only mono-microbial VAP |
At least one poly-microbial VAP | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Headcount | 52 | 40 | |
| Baseline and demographic | |||
| Mean age (± SD)—years | 62.8 (± 10.1) | 68.5 (± 7.5) | 0.005 |
| Male—no. (%) | 44 (84.6) | 36 (90.0) | 0.447 |
| Obesity—no./total no. (%) | 19/50 (37.3) | 10/39 (25.6) | 0.273 |
| Hypertension—no. (%) | 21 (40.4) | 22 (55.0) | 0.164 |
| Diabetes—no. (%) | 15 (28.8) | 10 (25.0) | 0.681 |
| Current smoker—no. (%) | 1 (1.9) | 2 (5.0) | 0.578 |
| Asthma—no. (%) | 5 (9.6) | 2 (5.0) | 0.695 |
| COPD—no. (%) | 3 (5.8) | 2 (5.0) | 1.000 |
| OSAS—no. (%) | 2 (3.8) | 2 (5.0) | 1.000 |
| Pulmonary emphysema—no. (%) | 1 (1.9) | 3 (7.5) | 0.313 |
| Interstitial lung disease—no. (%) | – | 2 (5.0) | 0.186 |
| Cirrhosis—no. (%) | 1 (1.9) | – | 1.000 |
| Chronic kidney failure—no. (%) | 2 (3.8) | – | 0.503 |
| Chronic heart failure—no. (%) | 3 (5.8) | 2 (5.0) | 1.000 |
| Cancer—no. (%) | 2 (3.8) | 4 (10.0) | 0.398 |
| Hematologic malignancies—no. (%) | - | 1 (2.5) | 0.435 |
| HIV infection—no. (%) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (2.5) | 1.000 |
| Immunosuppressive therapy—no. (%) | 4 (7.7) | – | 0.130 |
| Long-term corticosteroid therapy—no. (%) | 1 (1.9) | – | 1.000 |
| On arrival in the ICU | |||
| Mean SAPS II (± SD) | 38.9 (± 12.7) | 44.1 (± 13.8) | 0.098 |
| Mean SOFA (± SD) | 5.6 (± 2.7) | 6.0 (± 2.7) | 0.553 |
| Mean PaO2/FiO2 (± SD)—mmHg | 143.8 (± 59.2) | 158.7 (± 69.3) | 0.282 |
| Disease course and in-hospital treatments | |||
| Mean period from symptom onset to hospital admission (± SD)—days | 5.8 (± 12.5) | 7.1 (± 3.3) | 0.827 |
| Mean period from symptom onset to COVID-19 diagnosis (± SD)—days | 7.4 (± 3.8) | 8.0 (± 4.3) | 0.398 |
| Transfer from inundated area—no. (%) | 15 (28.8) | 12 (30.0) | 0.904 |
| Proven co-infection—no. (%) | 4 (7.7) | 6 (15.0) | 0.264 |
| Initial empirical antibiotic therapy—no. (%) | 51 (98.1) | 31 (77.5) | 0.002 |
| Antiviral therapy—no. (%) | 34 (65.4) | 21 (52.5) | 0.212 |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir—no. (%) | 21 (40.4) | 12 (30.0) | 0.303 |
| Remdesivir—no. (%) | 4 (7.7) | 1 (2.5) | 0.383 |
| Hydroxychloroquine—no. (%) | 9 (17.3) | 11 (27.5) | 0.240 |
| Immunomodulatory drugs—no. (%) | 7 (14) | 5 (11.9) | - |
| Corticosteroids—no. (%) | 6 (11.5) | 5 (12.5) | 0.888 |
| Tocilizumab—no. (%) | 1 (1.9) | – | – |
| Mean period between hospital admission and intubation (± SD)—days | 3.2 (± 12.0) | 2.1 (± 2.8) | 0.381 |
| Vasopressor support—no. (%) | 37 (71.2) | 34 (85.0) | 0.117 |
| Average duration of mechanical ventilation (± SD)—days | 24.6 (± 12.5) | 37.8 (± 20.6) | 0.001 |
| ECMO—no. (%) | 7 (13.5) | 7 (17.5) | 0.593 |
| Outcome | |||
| Deceased on May 20th—no. (%) | 16 (30.8) | 12 (30.0) | 0.937 |
| Discharged alive from ICU on May 20th—no. (%) | 33 (63.5) | 18 (45.0) | – |
| Still in ICU on May 20th—no. (%) | 3 (5.8) | 10 (25.0) | 0.009 |