Table 2 COVID-19: disease course, in-hospital treatments and outcome. Risk factors of developing one VAP (univariate analysis, Fine–Gray model considering death and extubation as competing risk events)
All patients | No VAP | At least one VAP | sHR [95%CI], p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Headcount | 188 | 96 | 92 | |
Disease course and in-hospital treatments | ||||
Mean period from symptom onset to hospital admission (± SD)—days | 6.4 (± 8.0) | 6.4 (± 6.2) | 6.4 (± 9.6) | - |
Mean period from symptom onset to COVID-19 diagnosis (± SD)—days | 7.7 (± 4.2) | 7.6 (± 4.3) | 7.7 (± 4) | - |
Transfer from inundated area—no. (%) | 47 (25.0) | 20 (20.8) | 27 (29.3) | - |
Proven co-infection—no. (%) | 21 (11.2) | 11 (11.5) | 10 (10.9) | - |
Initial empirical antibiotic therapy—no. (%) | 169 (89.9) | 87 (90.6) | 82 (89.1) | 0.71 [0.34–1.48], p = 0.360 |
Antiviral therapy—no. (%) | 112 (59.6) | 57 (59.4) | 55 (59.8) | 0.95 [0.63–1.43], p = 0.790 |
Lopinavir/ritonavir—no. (%) | 64 (34.0) | 31 (32.3) | 33 (35.9) | 1.04 [0.69–1.56], p = 0.860 |
Remdesivir—no. (%) | 10 (5.3) | 5 (5.2) | 5 (5.4) | 1.00 [0.43–2.33], p = 1.000 |
Hydroxychloroquine—no. (%) | 42 (22.3) | 22 (22.9) | 20 (21.7) | 0.94 [0.58–1.52], p = 0.800 |
Immunomodulatory drugs—no. (%) | 22 (11.7) | 10 (10.4) | 12 (13) | |
Corticosteroids—no. (%) | 21 (11.2) | 10 (10.4) | 11 (12) | 1.00 [0.57–1.76], p = 1.000 |
Tocilizumab—no. (%) | 1 (0.5) | - | 1 (1.1) | – |
Mean period between hospital admission and intubation (± SD)—days | 2.6 (± 7.5) | 2.5 (± 5.3) | 2.7 (± 9.2) | – |
Vasopressor support—no. (%) | 128 (68.1) | 57 (59.4) | 71 (77.2) | 1.94 [1.22–3.09], p = 0.005 |
Average duration of mechanical ventilation (± SD)—days | 22.2 (± 16.7) | 14.5 (± 11.3) | 30.3 (± 17.7) | - |
ECMO—no. (%) | 18 (9.6) | 4 (4.2) | 14 (15.2) | 3.09 [1.59, 6.03], p = 0.001 |
Outcome | ||||
Deceased on May 20th—no. (%) | 54 (28.7) | 26 (27) | 28 (30.4) | |
Discharged alive from ICU on May 20th—no. (%) | 115 (61.2) | 64 (66.7) | 51 (55.4) | |
Still in ICU on May 20th—no. (%) | 19 (10.1) | 6 (6.3) | 13 (14.1) | |