Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients at ICU admission. Risk factors of developing one VAP (univariate analysis, Fine–Gray model considering death and extubation as competing risk events)
| All patients | No VAP | At least one VAP | sHR [95%CI], p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headcount | 188 | 96 | 92 | |
| Baseline and demographic | ||||
| Mean age (± SD)—years | 63.9 (± 11.4) | 62.5 (± 12.9) | 65.3 (± 9.5) | 1.01 [0.99–1.03], p = 0.170 |
| Male—no. (%) | 147 (78.2) | 67 (69.8) | 80 (87) | 2.12 [1.14–3.96], p = 0.018 |
| Obesity—no./total no. (%) | 69/182 (37.9) | 40/92 (43.5) | 29/90 (32.2) | 0.67 [0.40–1.12], p = 0.130 |
| Hypertension—no. (%) | 90 (47.9) | 47 (49) | 43 (46.7) | 0.95 [0.64–1.43], p = 0.820 |
| Diabetes—no. (%) | 50 (26.6) | 25 (26) | 25 (27.2) | 0.96 [0.62–1.49], p = 0.860 |
| Current smoker—no. (%) | 10 (5.6) | 7 (7.3) | 3 (3.3) | - |
| Asthma—no. (%) | 13 (6.9) | 6 (6.2) | 7 (7.6) |
Known respiratory disease 1.39 [0.81, 2.41], p = 0.240 |
| COPD—no. (%) | 6 (3.2) | 1 (1) | 5 (5.4) | |
| OSAS—no. (%) | 9 (4.8) | 5 (5.2) | 4 (4.3) | |
| Pulmonary emphysema—no. (%) | 4 (2.1) | - | 4 (4.3) | |
| Interstitial lung disease—no. (%) | 3 (1.6) | 1 (1) | 2 (2.2) | |
| Cirrhosis—no. (%) | 3 (1.6) | 2 (2.1) | 1 (1.1) | - |
| Chronic kidney failure—no. (%) | 8 (4.3) | 6 (6.2) | 2 (2.2) | - |
| Chronic heart failure—no. (%) | 13 (6.9) | 8 (8.3) | 5 (5.4) | - |
| Cancer—no. (%) | 11 (5.9) | 5 (5.2) | 6 (6.5) | - |
| Hematologic malignancies—no. (%) | 5 (2.7) | 4 (4.2) | 1 (1.1) |
Immunocompromised status 0.68 [0.32, 1.43], p = 0.310 |
| HIV infection—no. (%) | 4 (2.1) | 2 (2.1) | 2 (2.2) | |
| Immunosuppressive therapy—no. (%) | 7 (3.7) | 3 (3.1) | 4 (4.3) | |
| Long-term corticosteroid therapy—no. (%) | 3 (1.6) | 2 (2.1) | 1 (1.1) | |
| On arrival in the ICU | ||||
| Mean SAPS II (± SD) | 41 (± 13.5) | 41.1 (± 13.8) | 40.9 (± 13.3) | 1.00 [0.98–1.01], p = 0.700 |
| Mean SOFA (± SD) | 5.8 (± 2.7) | 5.8 (± 2.7) | 5.7 (± 2.7) | 1.00 [0.92–1.09], p = 0.960 |
| Mean PaO2/FiO2 (± SD)—mmHg | 150 (± 63.4) | 150 (± 63.6) | 150 (± 63.6) | 1.00 [1.00–1.00], p = 0.850 |