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Table 1 Characteristics of 2022 patients according ICU outcome

From: Deploying unsupervised clustering analysis to derive clinical phenotypes and risk factors associated with mortality risk in 2022 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Spain

Variablea,l

Survival

No survival

p value

General characteristics and severity of illness

 

No. of patients (%)

1362 (67.4)

660 (32.6)

 

Age, median (IQR), y

61 (53–69)

69 (63–74)

.001

Male, No. (%)

939 (68.9)

484 (79.8)

.001

APACHE IIb, median (IQR)

13 (10–17)

17 (12–21)

.001

SOFAc, median (IQR)

5 (3–7)

7 (5–8)

.001

Laboratory findings

 

D-Lactate dehydrogenase, median (IQR), U/L

507 (397–667)

600 (475–808)

.001

White blood cell, median (IQR), × 109

8.4 (6.1)

9.7 (6.6–13.6)

.001

Serum Creatinine, median (IQR), mg/dL

0.8 (0.6–1.0)

0.9 (0.7–1.3)

.001

C-Reactive Protein, median (IQR) mg/mL

15 (8.7–23.5)

17 (10.2–26.4)

.001

Procalcitonin, median (IQR),ng/mL

0.3 (0.1–0.7)

0.5 (0.2–1.4)

.001

Serum lactate, median (IQR) mmol/L

1.4 (1.1–1.9)

1.7 (1.3–2.4)

.001

D dimer, median (IQR), ng/mL

1280 (634–2900)

2230 (1000–5190)

.001

Ferritin median (IQR), ng/mL

1530 (1200–2000)

1900 (145–2500)

.001

Treatments

 

Corticosteroids, No. (%)

777 (57.0)

397 (65.5)

.20

Antibiotics, No. (%)

1223 (89.8)

595 (98.1)

.86

Lopinavir/ritonavir, No. (%)

1111 (81.6)

551 (90.9)

.32

Hydroxychloroquine, No. (%)

1268 (93.1)

598 (98.6)

.06

Tocilizumab, No. (%)

407 (29.9)

170 (28.0)

.06

Interferon β, No. (%)

456 (33.5)

259 (42.7)

.01

Coexisting condition and Comorbidities

 

Arterial hypertension, No. (%)

561 (41.2)

375 (61.9)

.001

Obesityd, No. (%)

431 (31.6)

224 (37.0)

.32

Diabetes, No. (%)

245 (17.9)

175 (28.8)

.001

Coronary arterial disease, No. (%)

58 (4.2)

66 (10.9)

.001

COPD, No. (%)

74 (5.4)

74 (12.2)

.001

Chronic renal diseasee, No. (%)

42 (3.0)

43 (7.0)

.001

Hematologic diseasef, No. (%)

36 (2.6)

37 (6.1)

.001

Asthma, No. (%)

83 (6.0)

38 (6.3)

.84

HIV, No. (%)

4 (0.3)

1 (0.1)

.89

Pregnancy, No. (%)

4 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

.38

Autoimmune disease, No. (%)

48 (3.5)

26 (4.3)

.73

Chronic heart diseaseg, No. (%)

34 (2.5)

23 (3.8)

.26

Neuromuscular disease, No. (%)

7 (0.5)

9 (1.5)

.07

Other immunosuppressionh, No. (%)

25 (1.8)

28 (4.6)

.002

Oxygenation and ventilator support

 

PaO2/FiO2, median(IQR), mmHg

135 (101–170)

121 (85–151)

.001

PaO2/FiO2 < 150 mmHg, n (%)

814 (59.7)

475 (71.9)

.01

Oxygen mask, No. (%)

235 (17.2)

93 (15.3)

.08

High Flow nasal cannula, No. (%)

295 (21.6)

80 (13.2)

.001

Non-invasive ventilation, No. (%)

98 (7.2)

42 (6.9)

.55

Invasive mechanical ventilation, No. (%)

716 (52.2)

458 (75.5)

.001

Complications

 

Shocki, No. (%)

539 (39.6)

367 (60.5)

.001

Acute kidney dysfunctionj, No. (%)

258 (18.9)

322 (53.1)

.001

Community-acquired co-infectionk, No. (%)

117 (8.6)

73 (12.0)

.08

 > 2 Quadrant infiltrates in chest x-ray, No. (%)

865 (63.5)

468 (77.2)

.001

Cardiac dysfunction, No. (%)

73 (5.3)

96 (15.8)

.001

  1. IQR interquartile range, APACHE II Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, BMI body mass index, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HIV human immunodeficiency viruses, PaO2/FiO2 Partial pressure arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen
  2. aCorresponds to minimum or maximum value, as appropriate, within 12 h of ICU admission. The variables in this Table were no transformed for your comparison
  3. bAPACHE II score to the severity of illness, the score is obtained by adding the following components (1) 12 clinical and laboratory variables each with a score range of 0 to 4 points (APS). The APS is determined from the worst physiologic values during the initial 24 h after ICU admission, (2) age with a range 0 to 6 points and (3) Chronic health points if the patients has history of severe organ system insufficiency or is immunocompromised assign 5 points if the patients is no operative or emergency postoperative and 2 points for elective postoperative patients with a total score range of 0 to 71
  4. cSOFA score corresponds to the severity of organ dysfunction, reflecting six organ systems each with a score range of 0 to 4 points (cardiovascular, hepatic, hematologic, respiratory, neurological, renal), with a total score range of 0 to 24
  5. dDefined as a body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) of 30 or greater
  6. eBaseline eGFR < 60 on at least two consecutive values at least 12 weeks apart prior or hemodialysis
  7. fIncluded acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome and Lymphomas
  8. gAccording to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification III and IV
  9. hIncluded Chronic corticosteroid treatment (> 20 mg prednisolone/day or equivalent dose), chemotherapy or therapy with biological agents
  10. IDefined as patients in whom adequate fluid resuscitation therapy are unable to restore hemodynamic stability and need any dose of vasopressor drugs
  11. jDefine as an abrupt and sustained (more than 24 h) decrease in kidney function and categorized according to RIFLE criteria
  12. kWas considered in patients with confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection showing recurrence of fever, increase in cough and production of purulent sputum plus positive bacterial/fungal respiratory or blood cultures at ICU admission
  13. lKruskal-Wallis, ANOVA, or chi-square p value as appropriate comparing survivors vs. non-survivors
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