Table 3 Associations between fluid time and VIS by hour using univariate and multivariable GEE linear regression models

Fluid replacement rate; ml/kg/min

< .001

< .001

 ≥ 0.5

0.00 (ref)

0.00 (ref)

 0.25–0.49

0.18 (− 1.89, 2.24)

0.11 (− 1.77, 2.00)

 0.17–0.24

− 0.03 (− 2.34, 2.28)

− 0.15 (− 2.23, 1.92)

 < 0.17

− 2.62 (− 4.08, − 1.16)

− 2.41 (− 3.79, − 1.03)

VIS time (per 1 h)

0.20 (0.15, 0.24)

< .001

0.18 (0.13, 0.22)

< .001

Age (per year)

− 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.03)

.6

− 0.03 (− 0.08, 0.02)

.2

Male sex

− 0.07 (− 1.25, 1.11)

.9

0.33 (− 0.74, 1.41)

.5

White race

− 0.73 (− 2.79, 1.34)

.5

− 0.24 (− 2.18, 1.70)

.8

Weight (per 10 kg)

− 0.5 (− 0.7, − 0.4)

< .001

− 0.5 (− 0.7, − 0.3)

< .001

Charlson comorbidity index

0.02 (− 0.19, 0.23)

.9

0.04 (− 0.18, 0.27)

.7

APACHE III score

0.09 (0.07, 0.11)

< .001

0.05 (0.01, 0.08)

.007

SOFA

0.68 (0.52, 0.84)

< .001

0.41 (0.16, 0.66)

< .001