Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with candidemia and matched controls inside and outside intensive care units
From: Risk factors for candidemia: a prospective matched case-control study
Characteristics | Whole population | Intensive care | Non-intensive care | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Controls (n = 411) | Cases (n = 192) | p | Controls (n = 172) | Cases (n = 83) | p | Control (n = 239) | Cases (n = 109) | p | |
Underlying medical conditions | |||||||||
Heart disease | 321 (78%) | 159 (83%) | 0.05 | 143 (83%) | 76 (92%) | 0.02 | 178 (74%) | 83 (76%) | 0.15 |
Acute kidney injury | 77 (19%) | 55 (29%) | 0.002 | 45 (25%) | 43 (52%) | < 0.001 | 32 (13%) | 12 (11%) | 0.40 |
Respiratory disease | 84 (20%) | 31 (16%) | 0.18 | 42 (24%) | 20 (24%) | 0.90 | 42 (18%) | 11 (10%) | 0.08 |
Diabetes | 81 (20%) | 49 (26%) | 0.03 | 36 (21%) | 23 (28%) | 0.12 | 45 (19%) | 26 (24%) | 0.12 |
Solid cancer | 81 (20%) | 41 (21%) | 0.60 | 20 (12%) | 13 (16%) | 0.40 | 61 (26%) | 28 (26%) | 0.12 |
Central nervous system disease | 50 (12%) | 30 (16%) | 0.09 | 22 (13%) | 14 (17%) | 0.17 | 28 (12%) | 16 (15%) | 0.30 |
Liver disease | 36 (9%) | 20 (10%) | 0.30 | 14 (8%) | 12 (14%) | 0.06 | 22 (9%) | 8 (7%) | 0.60 |
Solid organ transplant | 24 (6%) | 9 (5%) | 0.70 | 10 (6%) | 6 (7%) | 0.70 | 14 (6%) | 3 (3%) | 0.30 |
Onco-hematological disease | 21 (5%) | 10 (5%) | 0.40 | 3 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 1.00 | 18 (8%) | 9 (8%) | 0.60 |
Neutropenia | 15 (4%) | 11 (6%) | 0.30 | 3 (2%) | 0 (0%) | – | 12 (5%) | 11 (10%) | 0.08 |
Immunosuppressive drugs1 | 57 (14%) | 26 (14%) | 1.00 | 18 (10%) | 13 (16%) | 0.40 | 39 (16%) | 13 (12%) | 0.40 |
Corticosteroids1 | 44 (11%) | 22 (11%) | 0.90 | 14 (8%) | 13 (16%) | 0.20 | 30 (13%) | 9 (8%) | 0.30 |
Other1 | 34 (8%) | 16 (8%) | 0.90 | 11 (6%) | 8 (10%) | 0.30 | 23 (10%) | 8 (7%) | 0.70 |
Other immunosuppression2 | 5 (1%) | 10 (5%) | 0.02 | 3 (2%) | 5 (6%) | 0.10 | 2 (1%) | 5 (5%) | 0.11 |
SAPS3 | NA | NA | NA | 50 [34–62] | 58 [40–70] | 0.006 | NA | NA | NA |
Hospital management and clinical risk factors4 | |||||||||
Antacids | 309 (75%) | 156 (81%) | 0.19 | 141 (82%) | 68 (82%) | 0.70 | 168 (70%) | 88 (81%) | 0.06 |
Central venous catheter | 269 (65%) | 170 (89%) | < 0.001 | 149 (87%) | 80 (96%) | 0.01 | 120 (50%) | 90 (83%) | < 0.001 |
Urinary catheter | 259 (63%) | 137 (72%) | 0.03 | 150 (88%) | 77 (93%) | 0.20 | 109 (46%) | 60 (56%) | 0.07 |
Invasive mechanical ventilation5 | 146 (36%) | 75 (39%) | 0.20 | 113 (66%) | 69 (83%) | 0.018 | 33 (14%) | 6 (6%) | 0.04 |
Renal replacement therapy6 | 47 (11%) | 44 (23%) | < 0.001 | 29 (17%) | 36 (43%) | < 0.001 | 18 (8%) | 8 (7%) | 0.60 |
Total parenteral nutrition | 55 (13%) | 77 (40%) | < 0.001 | 27 (16%) | 38 (46%) | < 0.001 | 28 (12%) | 39 (36%) | < 0.001 |
Antifungal prophylaxis7 | 22 (5%) | 20 (10%) | 0.02 | 11 (6%) | 8 (10%) | 0.40 | 11 (5%) | 12 (11%) | 0.02 |
Previous septic shock | 71 (17%) | 68 (35%) | < 0.001 | 40 (23%) | 45 (54%) | < 0.001 | 31 (13%) | 23 (21%) | 0.02 |
Intraabdominal bacterial infection | 52 (13%) | 33 (17%) | 0.11 | 13 (8%) | 15 (18%) | 0.02 | 39 (16%) | 18 (17%) | 0.90 |
Laboratory data (median, interquartile range, IQR) | |||||||||
Leucocyte count (103/mm3) | 14 (9–21) | 14 (8–22) | 0.70 | 17 (11–24) | 19 (13–27) | 0.70 | 12 (8–18) | 10 (7–17) | 0.50 |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 122 (41–240) | 161 (88–266) | 0.003 | 149 (75–252) | 183 (94–267) | 0.14 | 89 (19–214) | 148(72–263) | 0.006 |
Bêta-D-glucan (pg/mL) | 39 (0–115) | 111 (30–348) | 0.03 | 39 (0–112) | 96 (30–298) | 0.06 | 40 (0–288) | 121 (36–450) | 0.30 |
Median colonization index8 | NA | NA | NA | 1 (0–1) | 1 (1–1) | 0.06 | NA | NA | NA |
Median corrected colonization index8 | NA | NA | NA | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | 0.14 | NA | NA | NA |
Median candida score8 | NA | NA | NA | 2 (1–2) | 3 (2–4) | 0.02 | NA | NA | NA |
Antibacterial therapy7 | |||||||||
Antibiotics (any) | 310 (75%) | 174 (91%) | < 0.001 | 154 (90%) | 79 (95%) | 0.11 | 156 (65%) | 95 (87%) | < 0.001 |
Number of antibiotics(median, IQR) | 2 [1–3] | 2 [1–4] | < 0.001 | 2 [1–4] | 3 [2–4] | < 0.001 | 1 [0–2] | 2 [1–3] | 0.03 |
Amoxicilline/clavulanate | 66 (16%) | 27 (14%) | 0.90 | 39 (23%) | 18 (22%) | 0.80 | 27 (11%) | 9 (8%) | 0.60 |
Pipéracilline/tazobactam or ticarcilline/clavulanate | 155 (38%) | 99 (52%) | 0.003 | 74 (43%) | 53 (64%) | 0.008 | 81 (34%) | 46 (42%) | 0.13 |
Cephalosporins G1/2 | 36 (9%) | 21 (11%) | 0.30 | 27 (16%) | 15 (18%) | 0.30 | 9 (4%) | 6 (6%) | 0.50 |
Cephalosporins G3 | 62 (15%) | 24 (13%) | 0.60 | 28 (16%) | 11 (13%) | 0.70 | 34 (14%) | 13 (12%) | 0.70 |
Cephalosporins G4 | 34 (8%) | 19 (10%) | 0.30 | 19 (11%) | 12 (14%) | 0.40 | 15 (6%) | 7 (6%) | 0.70 |
Carbapenems | 75 (18%) | 60 (31%) | 0.001 | 43 (25%) | 32 (39%) | 0.03 | 32 (13%) | 28 (26%) | 0.008 |
Fluoroquinolones | 58 (14%) | 35 (18%) | 0.12 | 31 (18%) | 22 (27%) | 0.05 | 27 (11%) | 13 (12%) | 0.90 |
Glycopeptides | 56 (14%) | 45 (23%) | 0.006 | 34 (20%) | 22 (27%) | 0.40 | 22 (9%) | 23 (21%) | 0.002 |
Sulfamides | 16 (4%) | 9 (5%) | 0.80 | 5 (3%) | 7 (8%) | 0.14 | 11 (5%) | 2 (2%) | 0.20 |
Nitroimidazoles | 33 (8%) | 23 (12%) | 0.05 | 17 (10%) | 11 (13%) | 0.30 | 16 (7%) | 12 (11%) | 0.06 |
Aminoglycosides | 77 (19%) | 46 (24%) | 0.03 | 44 (26%) | 31 (37%) | 0.01 | 33 (14%) | 15 (14%) | 0.70 |