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Table 2 Generalized linear model with gamma distribution and log link for the total cost for patients with new-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) on the first day or admission and those without NOAF (n = 14,435)

From: New-onset atrial fibrillation can be falsely associated with increased length of stay in ICU due to immortal time bias

Variable

Cost ratio

95% CI

P value

Age (per 5 years)

0.96

0.90–1.03

0.07

Male gender

1.01

0.88–1.12

0.17

New-onset atrial fibrillation

1.08

1.02–1.19

< 0.01

MODS (per 1 point)

0.96

0.91–0.98

< 0.01

Comorbidities

 Congestive heart failure

0.96

0.87–1.06

0.35

 Peripheral vascular disease

1.05

0.97–1.13

0.22

 Hypertension

1.02

0.92–1.09

0.66

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

0.95

0.88–1.12

0.59

 Diabetes mellitus

1.02

0.92–1.11

0.47

 Chronic kidney disease

0.98

0.81–1.21

0.42

 Liver disease

0.91

0.77–1.08

0.31

 Alcohol misuse

1.02

0.95–1.08

0.77

Elixhauser comorbidity score (per 1 point)

0.99

0.90–1.07

0.53

No CPR directive at ICU admission

0.82

0.70–0.92

< 0.001

Location prior to ICU admission

 Emergency department

Ref

  

 Hospital wards

1.04

0.87–1.20

0.51

 Operating room

1.09

0.99–1.29

0.06

 Peripheral hospital

0.93

0.79–1.06

0.11

Most responsible diagnosis

 Other

Ref

  

 Infection/sepsis

1.06

0.89–1.20

0.45

 Respiratory failure

1.91

1.29–2.41

< 0.001

 Trauma

1.49

1.15–1.88

< 0.001

 Malignancy

0.94

0.79–1.10

0.38

 Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage

2.19

1.71–2.60

< 0.001

 Stroke

1.14

1.01–1.28

0.04

 Overdose/poisoning

0.88

0.80–0.96

< 0.01

 Renal failure

0.83

0.66–0.93

< 0.001

 Gastrointestinal bleeding

1.12

0.97–1.20

0.10

 Congestive heart failure

1.06

0.95–1.15

0.39

 Cardiac arrest

1.13

0.89–1.23

0.68

 Seizures/status epilepticus

1.19

1.01–1.40

0.03

 Diabetic ketoacidosis

0.73

0.61–0.83

< 0.001

In-hospital death

0.63

0.56–0.69

< 0.001

Length of stay (per 1 day)

1.03

1.02–1.05

< 0.01

Invasive mechanical ventilation

1.25

1.16–1.35

< 0.001

Renal replacement therapy

1.09

1.02–1.14

< 0.01

  1. Abbreviations: MODS Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score, ICU intensive care unit, CI confidence interval, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation