Study | Country | Design and setting | Total no. of patients (male)/mean age (SD) | Criteria for RRT initiation | RRT modality | Median time of RRT initiation (IQR), h | SOFA scores at administration | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early | Delayed | Early | Delayed | ||||||
Bagshaw [14] | Canada | Multicenter Mixed population | 2927 (1990) 64.6 + 14.9 | within 12 h after the onset of KDIGO stage 2 or 3 | Serum potassium ≥ 6 mmol/; pH ≤ 7.2; serum bicarbonate ≤ 12 mmol/L; severe respiratory failure; volume overload; persistent AKI ≥ 72 h | IHD, CRRT | 6.1 [3.9,8.8] | 31.1 [19.0,71.8] | 11.7 + 3.6 |
Barbar [22] | France | Multicenter Septic shock population | 488 (296) 69 + 12.2 | Within 12 h after the onset of failure stage of RIFLE | Serum potassium ≥ 6.5 mmol/; pH ≤ 7.15; severe pulmonary edema refractory to diuretics; no renal function recovery after 48 h | IHD, CRRT | 7.6 [4.4,11.5] | 51.5 [34.6,59.5] | 12.3 + 2.9 |
Bouman [29] | Netherlands | Two-center Mixed population | 71 (42) 68.5 + 11.6 | Within 12 h if urine output <  30 ml/h for 6 h; creatinine clearance of < 20 mL/min | Plasma urea level of > 40 mmol/L; potassium of > 6.5 mmol/L or severe pulmonary edema | LVHF | 7 [5, 10] | 41.8 [21.4,72] | 10.4 ± 2.1 |
Combes [23] | France | Multicenter Postcardiac surgery shock | 224 (177) 59.5 ± 15.1 | Persistent postoperative shock after cardiac surgery | AKI Network stage 3; serum urea > 36 mmol/L; life-threatening hyperkalemia | HVHF, CVVHDF, IHD | NA | NA | 11.8 ± 2.9 |
Gaudry [20] | France | Multicenter Mixed population | 619 (409) 66.1 ± 13.9 | KDIGO stage 3 | Serum potassium > 6 mmol/L; severe pulmonary edema refractory to diuretics; pH < 7.15; serum urea > 40 mmol/L; oliguria > 72 h | IHD, CRRT | 2 [1, 3] | 57 [25,83] | 10.9 ± 3.1 |
Jamale [28] | India | Single-center Mixed population | 208 (141) 42.4 ± 15.3 | Serum urea nitrogen level  > 70 mg/dL; creatinine level > 7 mg/dL | Refractory hyperkalemia; volume overload; and acidosis; uremic nausea and anorexia | IHD | NA | NA | 7.9 ± 3.2 |
Lumlertgul [25] | Thailand | Multicenter Mixed population | 118 (58) 67.1 ± 15.8 | AKI (any stage of KDIGO) and no response to furosemide stress test | BUN ≥ 100 mg/dL; serum potassium > 6 mmol/L; serum bicarbonate < 12 mmol/L or pH < 7.15; PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 200; severe pulmonary edema | CVVH, PIRRT, IHD | 2 [1, 3] | 21 [17,49] | 12 ± 3.7 |
Srisawat [26] | Thailand | Two-center Mixed population | 40 (22) 66.8 ± 15.9 | AKI (any stage of RIFLE) | potassium > 6.2 mmol/L; pH < 7.2, severe pulmonary edema refractory to diuretics; persistent oliguria or anuria; serum urea > 40 mg/dL | CRRT | NA | NA | 9.3 ± 3.6 |
Wald [27] | Canada | Multicenter Mixed population | 100 (72) 63.1 ± 12.8 | At least two of the following: twofold increase in serum creatinine from baseline; urine output < 6 mL/kg in the preceding 12 h; whole-blood NGAL ≥ 400 ng/m | Serum potassium > 6.2 mmol/L; serum bicarbonate < 10 mmol/L, severe pulmonary edema; persistent AKI for > 72 h | IHD, CRRT, SLED | 7.4 [6.1,9.6] | 31.6 [22.8,59.5] | 13 ± 2.8 |
Xia [30] | China | Single-center Sepsis population | 60 (33) 66.4 ± 11.5 | Sepsis and urinary NGAL  ≥ 1310 ng/mL | Serum potassium > 6.5 mmol/L; pH < 7.2; severe pulmonary edema | CRRT | NA | NA | 9.6 ± 3.2 |
Zarbock [24] | Germany | Single-center Mixed population | 231 (146) 67 ± 13.1 | Within 8 h of diagnosis of KDIGO stage 2 | Within 12 h of diagnosis of KDIGO stage 3; or serum urea > 100 mg/dL; serum potassium > 6 mmol/L; serum magnesium > 4 mmol/L; urine < 200 mL per 12 h or anuria; organ edema refractory to diuretics | CRRT, SLED, IHD | 6 [4, 7] | 25.5 [18.8,40.3] | 15.8 ± 2.3 |