Fig. 3

Effects of mitochondrial transplantation on the acute hyperinflammatory stage of sepsis. a Flow diagram of the experimental procedures used to assess the immunomodulatory effects of mitochondrial transplantation in an in vivo sepsis model in the hyperinflammation stage. b The levels of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were measured in the spleen 6 h after induction of sepsis. Sham mice, n = 4; sepsis and sepsis + MT mice, n = 6 per group. ***p < 0 .001, **p < 0 .01 and *p < 0.05 compared with the sham or sepsis group. c The levels of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were measured in the plasma 6 h after induction of sepsis. Sham mice, n = 4; sepsis and sepsis + MT mice, n = 6 per group. ***p < 0 .001 and **p < 0 .01 compared with the sham or sepsis group. d Flow diagram of the experimental procedures used to assess the immunomodulatory effects of mitochondrial transplantation in an in vitro sepsis model in the hyperinflammation stage. e Isolated monocytes from human PBMCs were stimulated with LPS and then delivered isolated mitochondria. The supernatants were collected, and TNF-α expression was measured (n = 4 per group). MT mitochondria, PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cell, LPS lipopolysaccharide