Table 1 Characteristics of included comparative studies

Bouman et al. [16]

Multi-center mixed

Netherland

71 (35/36)

Yes

NA

N/A

Within 12 h after fulfilling the following criteria: UOP < 30 mL/h and CCr < 20 mL/min on 3-h sample

When the patient fulfilled the conventional criteria for RRT: BUN > 40 mmol/L, K > 6.5 mmol/L or severe pulmonary edema (CVP or pulmonary artery occlusion pressure of 16 mm Hg and lung edema with positive end expiratory pressure of 10 cm H₂O and PO₂/FIO₂ ratio of 150 mm Hg

CRRT

In-hospital mortality, In-ICU mortality, 28-day mortality

Sugahara et al. [17]

Single-center, surgical

Japan

28 (14/14)

No

57.0/38.5/NA/NA

N/A

Within 12 h of UOP < 30 mL/h or < 750 mL/day

After 12 h of UOP < 20 mL/h or urine output < 500 mL/day

CRRT

14-day mortality

Wald et al. [18]

Multi-center, mixed

Canada

100 (48/52)

Yes

53.0/39.0/11.0/NA

56.0

Within 12 h of fulfilling eligibility: at least two of the following: twofold increase in serum Cr from baseline; UOP < 6 mL/kg in the preceding 12 h; whole-blood NGAL > 400 ng/mL

Severe hyperkalemia (> 6 mmol/L); severe pulmonary edema; severe metabolic acidosis (serum bicarbonate < 10 mmol/L)

Mixed (IHD/CRRT/SLED)

In-hospital mortality; In-ICU mortality; 90-day mortality

Zarbock et al. [19]

Single-center, surgical

Germany

231 (112/119)

Yes

81.8/19.5/41.6/40.7

32.5

KDIGO Stage 2 AKI (within 8 h) and plasma NGAL > 150 ng/mL

KDIGO stage 3

CRRT

30-/60-/90-day mortality

Gaudry et al. [7]

Multi-center, mixed

France

619 (311/308)

Yes

53.0/26.3%/9.0/9.7

79.8

KDIGO Stage 3 AKI (within 6 h)

Severe hyperkalemia (> 6 mmol/L); severe pulmonary edema refractory to diuretics; severe acidosis (pH < 7.15); serum urea > 40 mmol/L; oligo-anuria > 72 h

Mixed (IHD/CRRT)

60-/90-day mortality

Srisawat et al. [20]

Single-center, mixed

Thailand

40 (20/20)

Yes

NA

72.5

AKI, any RIFLE stage

Severe metabolic acidosis (pH < 7–20); severe hyperkalemia (> 6 2 mmol/L); severe pulmonary edema refractory to diuretics; persistent oliguria or anuria; serum urea > 40 mg/dL

CRRT

28-day mortality

Lumlertgul et al. [21]

Multicenter, mixed

Thailand

118 (58/60)

Yes

44.9/24.6/NA/NA

58.5

Furosemide stress test-nonresponsive patients (UOP < 200 mL in 2 h) (initiation within 6 h); AKI (any stage of KDIGO)

Serum urea > 100 mg/dL; severe hyperkalemia (> 6 mmol/L); severe metabolic acidosis (pH < 715); severe pulmonary edema

CRRT

28-day mortality

Barbar et al. [8]

Multicenter, mixed

France

477 (239/238)

Yes

57.8/30.5/8.2/15.6

100.0

Within 12 h after documentation of RIFLE-F

Severe hyperkalemia (> 6 5 mmol/L); severe pulmonary edema refractory to diuretics; severe metabolic acidosis (pH < 715); no renal function recovery after 48 h

Mixed

90-day mortality

Yang et al. [22]

Single-center, mixed

China

142 (71/71)

No

37.3/45.8/NA/NA

100

Within 24 h of ICU entry

After 48 h of ICU entry

CRRT

28-day mortality

STARRT-AKI [9]

Multicenter, mixed

Multiple

2927 (1465/1462)

Yes

55.9/30.7/13.9/43.9

57.7

Within 12 h of fulfilling eligibility: at least two of the following: twofold increase in serum Cr from baseline; UOP < 6 mL/kg in the preceding 12 h; whole-blood NGAL > 400 ng/mL

Until the development of one or more of the following criteria: a serum potassium level > 6.0 mmol/L, a pH < 7.20 or a serum bicarbonate < 12 mmol/L, severe respiratory failure based on a ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen of < 200 and clinical perception of volume overload, or persistent AKI for at least 72 h after randomization

Mixed

90-day mortality