Age, median [IQR]
|
63 [57–71]
|
59 [53–69]
|
0.09
|
Male gender
|
54 (66%)
|
74 (82%)
|
0.01
|
Medical history
| | | |
Mc Cabe and Jackson classification
| | |
< 0.001
|
No underlying disease
|
47 (57%)
|
76 (84%)
|
Ultimately fatal
|
24 (29%)
|
12 (13%)
|
Rapidly fatal disease
|
11 (14%)
|
2 (2%)
|
Charlson comorbidity index
|
2 [1–3]
|
1 [0–2]
|
< 0.001
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
23 (28%)
|
39 (43%)
|
0.037
|
Congestive heart failure (NYHA 3–4)
|
6 (7%)
|
7 (8%)
|
0.91
|
Supraventricular arrhythmia
|
12 (15%)
|
8 (9%)
|
0.24
|
Hypertension
|
36 (44%)
|
59 (66%)
|
0.004
|
COPD
|
10 (12%)
|
9 (10%)
|
0.64
|
Chronic renal failure
|
11 (13%)
|
14 (16%)
|
0.69
|
Dialysis
|
3 (4%)
|
2 (2%)
|
0.67
|
Stroke
|
5 (6%)
|
4 (4%)
|
0.74
|
Liver cirrhosis (Child C)
|
1 (1%)
|
0
|
0.48
|
Current smoking
|
22 (27%)
|
25 (28%)
|
0.89
|
Immunosuppression conditions
|
40 (49%)
|
16 (18%)
|
< 0.001
|
Solid cancer
|
4 (5%)
|
5 (6%)
|
0.99
|
Blood cancer
|
17 (21%)
|
1 (1%)
|
< 0.001
|
Organ transplant
|
9 (11%)
|
5 (6%)
|
0.19
|
HIV infection
|
4 (5%)
|
3 (3%)
|
0.71
|
Sickle cell disease
|
2 (2%)
|
3 (3%)
|
0.99
|
Others
|
5 (6%)
|
2 (2%)
|
0.26
|
Clinical characteristics upon ICU admission
| | | |
SAPS II
|
49 [37–67]
|
36 [27–45]
|
< 0.001
|
Baseline SOFA—median [IQR]
|
9 [5–12]
|
7 [4–8]
|
< 0.001
|
PaO2/FiO2 ratio (mmHg) median [IQR]
|
162 [101–210]
|
120 [92–163]
|
0.005
|
ARDS classification (Berlin definition)
| | |
0.018
|
Mild
|
24 (29%)
|
11 (12%)
| |
Moderate
|
39 (48%)
|
49 (54%)
| |
Severe
|
19 (23%)
|
30 (33%)
| |
Norepinephrine, n (%)
|
43 (52%)
|
42 (47%)
|
0.45
|
Serum creatinine (µmol/L)
|
108 [72–195]
|
83 [6–128]
|
0.004
|
White blood cell count (× 109/L)
|
7.5 [0–15]
|
8.2 [5–12]
|
0.49
|
Lymphocyte count (× 109/L)
|
0.6 [0.3–1.1]
|
0.8 [0.5–1.2]
|
0.03
|
Lymphocyte count (× 109/L) in non-immunocompromised patients
|
0.8 [0.4–1.2]
|
0.8 [0.5–1.2]
|
0.62
|
Documented bacterial coinfection
|
38 (48%)
|
14 (16%)
|
< 0.001
|
Treatment during the first 24 h
| | | |
Antibiotics
|
81 (99%)
|
90 (100%)
|
0.48
|
Antiviral treatment
|
58 (71%)
|
69 (76%)
|
0.39
|
Corticosteroids (any dose)*
|
30/81 (37%)
|
12/87 (14%)
|
0.001
|
Corticosteroids (low dose)*#
|
29/81 (36%)
|
10/87 (12%)
|
< 0.001
|
Corticosteroids (high dose)*
|
1/81 (1%)
|
2/87 (2%)
|
0.60
|
ARDS treatment during ICU stay
| | | |
Corticosteroids (any dose)*
|
37/81 (46%)
|
35 /87 (40%)
|
0.48
|
Corticosteroids (low dose)*#
|
33/81 (41%)
|
25/87 (29%)
|
0.10
|
Corticosteroids (high dose)*
|
3/81 (4%)
|
10/87 (12%)
|
0.06
|
Prone position
|
34 (42%)
|
75 (83%)
|
< 0.001
|
Neuromuscular blockade
|
53 (65%)
|
83 (92%)
|
< 0.001
|
Inhaled nitric oxide
|
10 (12%)
|
31 (34%)
|
0.01
|
Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation
|
9 (11%)
|
23 (26%)
|
0.014
|
ICU-acquired infections
| | | |
First VAP
|
36 (44%)
|
58 (64%)
|
0.007
|
Number of days of mechanical ventilation before first VAP
|
7 [5–9]
|
8 [5–12]
|
0.89
|
Number of VAP during ICU
|
0 [0–1]
|
1 [0–2]
|
< 0.001
|
Recurrent VAP
|
10 (12%)
|
22 (25%)
|
0.36
|
MDR VAP during ICU stay
|
9 (11%)
|
21 (23%)
|
0.03
|
ESBL PE VAP
|
9 (11%)
|
18 (20%)
|
0.10
|
MRSA VAP
|
0
|
1 (1%)
|
0.99
|
CRE VAP
|
0
|
3 (3%)
|
0.095
|
Sampling frequency (number/day of MV)
|
0.23 [0.14–0.37]
|
0.32 [0.20–0.38]
|
0.03
|
Organ support and outcome during ICU stay
| | | |
Subglottic secretion drainage
|
26 (32%)
|
42 (47%)
|
0.045
|
Renal replacement therapy during ICU stay
|
28 (34%)
|
30 (33%)
|
0.91
|
Norepinephrine, n (%)
|
66 (81%)
|
67 (74%)
|
0.34
|
ICU length of stay among survivors, days
|
15 [10–20]
|
30 [19–45]
|
< 0.001
|
Successful mechanical ventilation weaning
|
54 (66%)
|
46 (51%)
|
0.05
|
Death at day 28
|
25 (31%)
|
36 (40%)
|
0.19
|
Death in the ICU
|
27 (33%)
|
37 (41%)
|
0.27
|
Still in ICU or in weaning center (until May 28th, 2020)
|
0
|
8 (9%)
|
0.007
|