Table 1 Characteristics of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome related to Coronavirus disease 19 (C-ARDS) or other viruses (NC-ARDS)

Age, median [IQR]

63 [57–71]

59 [53–69]

0.09

Male gender

54 (66%)

74 (82%)

0.01

Medical history

Mc Cabe and Jackson classification

 < 0.001

 No underlying disease

47 (57%)

76 (84%)

 Ultimately fatal

24 (29%)

12 (13%)

 Rapidly fatal disease

11 (14%)

2 (2%)

Charlson comorbidity index

2 [1–3]

1 [0–2]

 < 0.001

Diabetes mellitus

23 (28%)

39 (43%)

0.037

Congestive heart failure (NYHA 3–4)

6 (7%)

7 (8%)

0.91

Supraventricular arrhythmia

12 (15%)

8 (9%)

0.24

Hypertension

36 (44%)

59 (66%)

0.004

COPD

10 (12%)

9 (10%)

0.64

Chronic renal failure

11 (13%)

14 (16%)

0.69

Dialysis

3 (4%)

2 (2%)

0.67

Stroke

5 (6%)

4 (4%)

0.74

Liver cirrhosis (Child C)

1 (1%)

0

0.48

Current smoking

22 (27%)

25 (28%)

0.89

Immunosuppression conditions

40 (49%)

16 (18%)

 < 0.001

 Solid cancer

4 (5%)

5 (6%)

0.99

 Blood cancer

17 (21%)

1 (1%)

 < 0.001

 Organ transplant

9 (11%)

5 (6%)

0.19

 HIV infection

4 (5%)

3 (3%)

0.71

 Sickle cell disease

2 (2%)

3 (3%)

0.99

 Others

5 (6%)

2 (2%)

0.26

Clinical characteristics upon ICU admission

SAPS II

49 [37–67]

36 [27–45]

 < 0.001

Baseline SOFA—median [IQR]

9 [5–12]

7 [4–8]

 < 0.001

PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio (mmHg) median [IQR]

162 [101–210]

120 [92–163]

0.005

ARDS classification (Berlin definition)

0.018

 Mild

24 (29%)

11 (12%)

 Moderate

39 (48%)

49 (54%)

 Severe

19 (23%)

30 (33%)

Norepinephrine, n (%)

43 (52%)

42 (47%)

0.45

Serum creatinine (µmol/L)

108 [72–195]

83 [6–128]

0.004

White blood cell count (× 10⁹/L)

7.5 [0–15]

8.2 [5–12]

0.49

Lymphocyte count (× 10⁹/L)

0.6 [0.3–1.1]

0.8 [0.5–1.2]

0.03

Lymphocyte count (× 10⁹/L) in non-immunocompromised patients

0.8 [0.4–1.2]

0.8 [0.5–1.2]

0.62

Documented bacterial coinfection

38 (48%)

14 (16%)

 < 0.001

Treatment during the first 24 h

Antibiotics

81 (99%)

90 (100%)

0.48

Antiviral treatment

58 (71%)

69 (76%)

0.39

Corticosteroids (any dose)*

30/81 (37%)

12/87 (14%)

0.001

Corticosteroids (low dose)*^#

29/81 (36%)

10/87 (12%)

 < 0.001

Corticosteroids (high dose)*

1/81 (1%)

2/87 (2%)

0.60

ARDS treatment during ICU stay

Corticosteroids (any dose)*

37/81 (46%)

35 /87 (40%)

0.48

Corticosteroids (low dose)*^#

33/81 (41%)

25/87 (29%)

0.10

Corticosteroids (high dose)*

3/81 (4%)

10/87 (12%)

0.06

Prone position

34 (42%)

75 (83%)

 < 0.001

Neuromuscular blockade

53 (65%)

83 (92%)

 < 0.001

Inhaled nitric oxide

10 (12%)

31 (34%)

0.01

Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation

9 (11%)

23 (26%)

0.014

ICU-acquired infections

First VAP

36 (44%)

58 (64%)

0.007

Number of days of mechanical ventilation before first VAP

7 [5–9]

8 [5–12]

0.89

Number of VAP during ICU

0 [0–1]

1 [0–2]

 < 0.001

Recurrent VAP

10 (12%)

22 (25%)

0.36

MDR VAP during ICU stay

9 (11%)

21 (23%)

0.03

 ESBL PE VAP

9 (11%)

18 (20%)

0.10

 MRSA VAP

0

1 (1%)

0.99

 CRE VAP

0

3 (3%)

0.095

Sampling frequency (number/day of MV)

0.23 [0.14–0.37]

0.32 [0.20–0.38]

0.03

Organ support and outcome during ICU stay

Subglottic secretion drainage

26 (32%)

42 (47%)

0.045

Renal replacement therapy during ICU stay

28 (34%)

30 (33%)

0.91

Norepinephrine, n (%)

66 (81%)

67 (74%)

0.34

ICU length of stay among survivors, days

15 [10–20]

30 [19–45]

 < 0.001

Successful mechanical ventilation weaning

54 (66%)

46 (51%)

0.05

Death at day 28

25 (31%)

36 (40%)

0.19

Death in the ICU

27 (33%)

37 (41%)

0.27

Still in ICU or in weaning center (until May 28th, 2020)

0

8 (9%)

0.007