Condition | Distance (mm) | Mechanism of dispersion |
---|---|---|
Coughing [18] | Â | Â |
 No mask | 680 | Forward jet |
 Wearing surgical mask | 300 | Sideway leakage |
 Wearing N95 mask | 151 | Sideway leakage |
Simple oxygen mask [19] | Â | Â |
 2 LPM | 200 | Lateral leakage from side vents |
 4 LPM | 220 |  |
 8 LPM | 300 |  |
 10 LPM | 400 |  |
HFNO [21] (normal lung condition*) | Â | Â |
 10 L/min | 65 |  |
 30 L/min | 130 |  |
 60 L/min | 172 |  |
 Displaced interface tube: 60 L/min | 620 |  |
NIV—CPAP [21] |  |  |
 Swift FX nasal pillows: CPAP 5 cm H2O | 207 |  |
 Swift FX nasal pillows: CPAP 20 cm H2O | 332 |  |
 ResMed Quattro Air oronasal mask: CPAP 5 cm H2O | Negligible |  |
 ResMed Quattro Air oronasal mask: CPAP 20 cm H2O | Negligible | Circular vent holes; no distinct jet |
NIV—Bi-PAP/ total facemask [20] |  |  |
 Respironics Full Face IPAP/EPAP: 10/5 cm H2O | 618 | Simulated for mild lung injury |
 Respironics Full Face IPAP/EPAP: 18/5 cm H2O | 812 | Simulated for mild lung injury |
NIV—Bi-PAP/oronasal mask [22] |  |  |
 Respironics Comfort 2 mask IPAP/EPAP: 10/4 cm H2O | 650 |  |
 Respironics Comfort 2 mask IPAP/EPAP: 18/4 cm H2O | 850 |  |
 Respironics Image 3 mask + Whisper Swivel |  |  |
  IPAP/EPAP: 10/4 cm H2O | 950 |  |
  IPAP/EPAP: 18/4 cm H2O |  > 950 | Diffuse dispersion |
NIV—Bi-PAP/ helmet [20] |  |  |
 Sea-Long helmet IPAP/EPAP: 12/10 cm H2O | 150 | Dispersion through neck interface |
 Sea-Long helmet IPAP/EPAP: 20/12 cm H2O | 230 |  |
StarMed CaStar R helmet | Negligible | Better neck seal using air cushion |