Variables | Total (n = 100) | VAP (n = 19) | No VAP (n = 81) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tracheal cuff pressure management (cmH2O) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mechanical device controlling tracheal cuff pressure | 6 (6%) | 3 (15.8%) | 3 (3.7%) | 0.08 |
Tracheal cuff pressure before TEE | 30 (25–30) | 30 (25–30) | 30 (25–30) | 0.87 |
Tracheal cuff pressure after TEE | 25 (20–30) | 30 (23–41) | 25 (20–30) | 0.07 |
Enteral feeding | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Use of nasogastric tube | 28 (28.3%) | 2 (10.5%) | 26 (32.5%) | 0.09 |
Use of orogastric tube | 67 (67.7%) | 16 (84.2%) | 51 (63.8%) | 0.11 |
Enteral feeding before TEE | 64 (64%) | 13 (68.4%) | 51 (63.0%) | 0.66 |
Discontinuing enteral feeding for TEE | 24 (24%) | 3 (15.8%) | 21 (25.9%) | 0.55 |
Evaluation of residual gastric volume | 9 (9%) | 1 (5.3%) | 8 (9.9%) | > 0.99 |
Gastric tube removal for TEE | 7 (7.7%) | 0 | 7 (8.9%) | 0.60 |
Use of transgastric view | 78 (78%) | 17 (89.5%) | 61 (75.3%) | 0.23 |
Concurrent treatment | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Use of sedation | 93 (93%) | 18 (94.7%) | 75 (92.6%) | > 0.99 |
Increase in sedation level | 62 (62%) | 13 (68.4%) | 49 (60.5%) | 0.61 |
Use of neuromuscular blocking agent | 40 (40%) | 8 (42.1%) | 32 (39.5%) | 0.84 |
Adding neuromuscular blocking agent for TEE | 12 (12%) | 2 (10.5%) | 10 (12.4%) | > 0.99 |
Catecholamines | 52 (52%) | 11 (57.9%) | 41 (50.6%) | 0.62 |
Antibiotic therapy | 86 (86%) | 16 (84.2%) | 70 (86.4%) | 0.73 |
Use of proton pump inhibitor | 64 (64.6%) | 15 (78.9%) | 49 (61.3%) | 0.19 |
Anticoagulants | 28 (28%) | 9 (47.4%) | 19 (23.5%) | 0.04 |
TEE characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Indications | Â | Â | Â | 0.20 |
Hemodynamic evaluation | 22 (22%) | 6 (31.6%) | 16 (19.8%) | Â |
Severe hypoxemia | 13 (13%) | 2 (10.5%) | 11 (13.6%) | Â |
Suspected endocarditis | 42 (42%) | 6 (31.6%) | 36 (44.4%) | Â |
Before cardioversion | 6 (6%) | 3 (15.8%) | 3 (3.7%) | Â |
Others | 17 (17%) | 2 (10.5%) | 15 (18.5%) | Â |
Probe introduction | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mandible elevation | 47 (49.0%) | 13 (68.4%) | 34 (44.2%) | 0.06 |
Neck anteflexion | 65 (67.7%) | 15 (79.0%) | 50 (64.9%) | 0.29 |
Use of laryngoscope | 15 (15.5%) | 1 (5.3%) | 14 (18.0%) | 0.29 |
Number of attempts | 2 (1–2) | 2 (2–3) | 1 (1–2) | 0.03 |
More than one attempt | 53 (55.2%) | 15 (79.0%) | 38 (49.4%) | 0.02 |
Introduction duration (min) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | 0.13 |
Patient position | Â | Â | Â | 0.94 |
Completely supine position (0°) | 17 (17%) | 3 (15.8%) | 14 (17.3%) |  |
Semi-recumbent position (45°) | 79 (79%) | 15 (79.0%) | 64 (79.0%) |  |
Prone position | 4 (4%) | 1 (5.3%) | 3 (3.7%) | Â |
TEE duration (min) | 26 (18–35) | 30 (22–33) | 25 (17–35) | 0.16 |
Total duration including introduction (min) | 28 (21–36) | 31 (23–34) | 27 (21–37) | 0.20 |
TEE-associated complications | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Profound desaturation (< 80%) | 1 (1%) | 0 | 1 (1.2%) | > 0.99 |
Arterial hypotension | 13 (13%) | 0 | 13 (16.1%) | 0.12 |
Arterial hypertension | 1 (1%) | 0 | 1 (1.2%) | > 0.99 |
Minor bleeding | 11 (11%) | 4 (21.1%) | 7 (8.6%) | 0.21 |
Major bleeding | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
Vomiting | 2 (2%) | 0 | 2 (2.5%) | > 0.99 |