Table 1 Baseline patient and monitoring characteristics
Low TIL(N = 445) | High TIL (N = 313) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (median, IQR) | 51 [30.0–65.0] | 41 [27.0–65.0] | < 0.001 |
Gender, male (N,%) | 326/445 (73.3) | 235/313 (75.1) | 0.632 |
Injury severity (GCS at baseline) | |||
Mild > = 13 (N, %) | 77/414 (18.6) | 29/296 (9.8) | 0.002 |
Moderate > = 9—< 13(N, %) | 78/414 (18.8) | 51/296 (17.2) | 0.653 |
Severe < 9 (N, %) | 259/414 (62.6) | 216/296 (73.0) | 0.005 |
ISS without head injury (median, IQR) | 10 [0.0–25.0] | 13 [0.0–25.0] | 0.286 |
CT (N,%) | |||
tSAH | 306/367 (− 83.4) | 228/253 (− 90.1) | 0.023 |
EDH | 73/366 (− 19.9) | 58/254 (− 22.8) | 0.443 |
Marshall (N, %) | |||
1 | 11/367 (− 3) | 5/253 (− 2) | < 0.001 |
2 | 168/367 (− 45.8) | 94/253 (− 37.2) | |
3 | 30/367 (− 8.2) | 57/253 (− 22.5) | |
4 | 8/367 (− 2.2) | 5/253 (− 2) | |
5 | 2/367 (− 0.5) | 2/253 (− 0.8) | |
6 | 148/367 (− 40.3) | 90/253 (− 35.6) | |
Preinjury ASA (N, %) | 0.001 | ||
1) Normal healthy | 230/428 (− 53.7) | 194/296 (− 65.5) | |
2) Mild systemic disease | 144/428 (− 33.6) | 88/296 (− 29.7) | |
3) Severe systemic disease | 51/428 (− 11.9) | 13/296 (− 4.4) | |
4) Severe systemic disease, a constant threat to life | 3/428 (− 0.7) | 1/296 (− 0.3) | |
Cause of injury (N, %) | 0.295 | ||
Road traffic incident | 212/430 (− 49.3) | 148/301 (− 49.2) | |
Incidental fall | 166/430 (− 38.6) | 106/301 (− 35.2) | |
Violence/assault | 15/430 (− 3.5) | 18/301 (− 6) | |
Suicide attempt | 10/430 (− 2.3) | 4/301 (− 1.3) | |
Other | 27/430 (− 6.3) | 25/301 (− 8.3) | |
Prehospital1 (N, %) | |||
Hypoxia | 89/445 (− 20) | 39/313 (− 12.5) | 0.009 |
Hypotension | 80/445 (− 18) | 47/313 (− 15) | 0.329 |
Lab1 (median, IQR) | |||
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.1 [11.6–14.4] | 13.2 [11.9–14.3] | 0.694 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 7.9 [6.7–9.9] | 7.8 [ 6.7–9.8] | 0.933 |
Type ICP monitor (N, %) | 0.511 | ||
Ventricular | 53/445 (− 11.9) | 38/312 (− 12.2) | |
Ventricular + inbuilt sensor | 7/445 (− 1.6) | 10/312 (− 3.2) | |
Parenchymal | 366/445 (− 82.2) | 250/312 (− 80.1) | |
Other | 19/445 (− 4.3) | 14/312 (− 4.5) | |
Multimodal cerebral monitoring (N, %) | |||
Jugular oximetry | 9/445 (− 2) | 20/312(− 6.4) | 0.004 |
Brain tissue PbtO2 | 84/445 (− 18.9) | 65/312 (− 20.8) | 0.555 |
Transcranial Doppler | 34/444 (− 7.7) | 78/312 (− 25) | < 0.001 |
Microdialysis | 48/445 (− 10.8) | 30/311 (− 9.6) | 0.7 |
Continuous EEG | 21/445 (− 4.7) | 38/311 (− 12.2) | < 0.001 |
Electrocorticography | 4/444 (− 0.9) | 1/311 (− 0.3) | 0.61 |
Systemic monitoring (N, %) | |||
Invasive blood pressure monitoring | 432/445 (− 97.1) | 306/312 (− 98.1) | 0.53 |
Cardiac output | 74/444 (− 16.7) | 80/312 (− 25.6) | 0.003 |
Pulse oximetry | 436/445 (− 98) | 303/312 (− 97.1) | 0.6 |
End tidal CO2 | 335/444 (− 75.5) | 213/312 (− 68.3) | 0.036 |
Central venous pressure | 261/444 (− 58.8) | 190/312 (− 60.9) | 0.612 |
Mechanical ventilation | |||
Present | 416/441 (− 94.3) | 287/312 (− 92) | 0.261 |