|
Age (median, IQR)
|
51 [30.0–65.0]
|
41 [27.0–65.0]
|
< 0.001
|
|
Gender, male (N,%)
|
326/445 (73.3)
|
235/313 (75.1)
|
0.632
|
|
Injury severity (GCS at baseline)
|
|
Mild > = 13 (N, %)
|
77/414 (18.6)
|
29/296 (9.8)
|
0.002
|
|
Moderate > = 9—< 13(N, %)
|
78/414 (18.8)
|
51/296 (17.2)
|
0.653
|
|
Severe < 9 (N, %)
|
259/414 (62.6)
|
216/296 (73.0)
|
0.005
|
|
ISS without head injury (median, IQR)
|
10 [0.0–25.0]
|
13 [0.0–25.0]
|
0.286
|
|
CT (N,%)
|
|
tSAH
|
306/367 (− 83.4)
|
228/253 (− 90.1)
|
0.023
|
|
EDH
|
73/366 (− 19.9)
|
58/254 (− 22.8)
|
0.443
|
|
Marshall (N, %)
| | | |
|
1
|
11/367 (− 3)
|
5/253 (− 2)
|
< 0.001
|
|
2
|
168/367 (− 45.8)
|
94/253 (− 37.2)
| |
|
3
|
30/367 (− 8.2)
|
57/253 (− 22.5)
| |
|
4
|
8/367 (− 2.2)
|
5/253 (− 2)
| |
|
5
|
2/367 (− 0.5)
|
2/253 (− 0.8)
| |
|
6
|
148/367 (− 40.3)
|
90/253 (− 35.6)
| |
|
Preinjury ASA (N, %)
| | |
0.001
|
|
1) Normal healthy
|
230/428 (− 53.7)
|
194/296 (− 65.5)
| |
|
2) Mild systemic disease
|
144/428 (− 33.6)
|
88/296 (− 29.7)
| |
|
3) Severe systemic disease
|
51/428 (− 11.9)
|
13/296 (− 4.4)
| |
|
4) Severe systemic disease, a constant threat to life
|
3/428 (− 0.7)
|
1/296 (− 0.3)
| |
|
Cause of injury (N, %)
| | |
0.295
|
|
Road traffic incident
|
212/430 (− 49.3)
|
148/301 (− 49.2)
| |
|
Incidental fall
|
166/430 (− 38.6)
|
106/301 (− 35.2)
| |
|
Violence/assault
|
15/430 (− 3.5)
|
18/301 (− 6)
| |
|
Suicide attempt
|
10/430 (− 2.3)
|
4/301 (− 1.3)
| |
|
Other
|
27/430 (− 6.3)
|
25/301 (− 8.3)
| |
|
Prehospital1 (N, %)
|
|
Hypoxia
|
89/445 (− 20)
|
39/313 (− 12.5)
|
0.009
|
|
Hypotension
|
80/445 (− 18)
|
47/313 (− 15)
|
0.329
|
|
Lab1 (median, IQR)
| | | |
|
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
|
13.1 [11.6–14.4]
|
13.2 [11.9–14.3]
|
0.694
|
|
Glucose (mmol/L)
|
7.9 [6.7–9.9]
|
7.8 [ 6.7–9.8]
|
0.933
|
|
Type ICP monitor (N, %)
| | |
0.511
|
|
Ventricular
|
53/445 (− 11.9)
|
38/312 (− 12.2)
| |
|
Ventricular + inbuilt sensor
|
7/445 (− 1.6)
|
10/312 (− 3.2)
| |
|
Parenchymal
|
366/445 (− 82.2)
|
250/312 (− 80.1)
| |
|
Other
|
19/445 (− 4.3)
|
14/312 (− 4.5)
| |
|
Multimodal cerebral monitoring (N, %)
|
|
Jugular oximetry
|
9/445 (− 2)
|
20/312(− 6.4)
|
0.004
|
|
Brain tissue PbtO2
|
84/445 (− 18.9)
|
65/312 (− 20.8)
|
0.555
|
|
Transcranial Doppler
|
34/444 (− 7.7)
|
78/312 (− 25)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Microdialysis
|
48/445 (− 10.8)
|
30/311 (− 9.6)
|
0.7
|
|
Continuous EEG
|
21/445 (− 4.7)
|
38/311 (− 12.2)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Electrocorticography
|
4/444 (− 0.9)
|
1/311 (− 0.3)
|
0.61
|
|
Systemic monitoring (N, %)
|
|
Invasive blood pressure monitoring
|
432/445 (− 97.1)
|
306/312 (− 98.1)
|
0.53
|
|
Cardiac output
|
74/444 (− 16.7)
|
80/312 (− 25.6)
|
0.003
|
|
Pulse oximetry
|
436/445 (− 98)
|
303/312 (− 97.1)
|
0.6
|
|
End tidal CO2
|
335/444 (− 75.5)
|
213/312 (− 68.3)
|
0.036
|
|
Central venous pressure
|
261/444 (− 58.8)
|
190/312 (− 60.9)
|
0.612
|
|
Mechanical ventilation
|
|
Present
|
416/441 (− 94.3)
|
287/312 (− 92)
|
0.261
|
