Table 2 Muscle ultrasound, strength, power and physical function

Ultrasound parameters

n = 41

n = 41

 TA mT (cm)

2.01 (0.36)

1.82 (0.31)

 TA CSA (cmPP²PP)

5.28 (0.89)

4.71 (0.95)

 TA EI (0–255)

82.7 (21.2)

96.7 (22.6)

 RF mT (cm)

0.98 (0.3)

0.81 (0.27)

 RF + VI mT (cm)

2.04 (0.71)

1.77 (0.62)

 RF CSA (cmPP²PP)

2.99 (0.99)

2.47 (0.88)

 RF EI (0–255)

90.7 (24.9)

99.1 (27.6)

Muscle power (W)

n = 26^a

n = 33^b

 2 lbs

8.0 (2.89)

9.6 (3.5)

 10% bodyweight

44.8 (22.6)

58.7 (30.6)

Muscle strength

 MRC-ss (0–60)

47.1 (7.3) (n = 31)^c

51.4 (5.7) (n = 35)^e

 RF HHD force (kg)

16.9 (5.3) (n = 24)^d

19.8 (6.9) (n = 31)^f

 RF HHD RFD (seconds)

3.8 (1.1) (n = 24)^d

3.6 (1.1) (n = 31)^f

 TA HHD (kg)

14.5 (5.2) (n = 24)^d

15.6 (5.4) (n = 31)^f

 TA HHD RFD (seconds)

3.9 (1.2) (n = 24)^d

3.7 (1.2) (n = 31)^f

 Handgrip (kg)

18.2 (9.1) (n = 26)^a

21.7 (10.0) (n = 32)^g

Physical function

 SPPB

4.7 (3.9) (n = 26)^a

5.9 (4.0) (n = 35)^e

 4-m gait speed (m/s)

0.49 (0.18) (n = 19)^h

0.56 (0.27) (n = 31)^f

 5 × STS (seconds)

14.8 (5.6) (n = 13)ⁱ

18.9 (14.5) (n = 28)^j

 Balance

1.96 (1.4) (n = 19)^h

2.3 (1.2) (n = 31)^f

 6 MWT distance (feet)

265 (182) (n = 26)^a

455 (424) (n = 35)^e

CFS

6.1 (1.5) (n = 36)

5.3 (1.7) (n = 36)