Muscle parameter
|
Day 1
|
Day 7
|
---|
Ultrasound parameters
|
n = 41
|
n = 41
|
TA mT (cm)
|
2.01 (0.36)
|
1.82 (0.31)
|
TA CSA (cmPP2PP)
|
5.28 (0.89)
|
4.71 (0.95)
|
TA EI (0–255)
|
82.7 (21.2)
|
96.7 (22.6)
|
RF mT (cm)
|
0.98 (0.3)
|
0.81 (0.27)
|
RF + VI mT (cm)
|
2.04 (0.71)
|
1.77 (0.62)
|
RF CSA (cmPP2PP)
|
2.99 (0.99)
|
2.47 (0.88)
|
RF EI (0–255)
|
90.7 (24.9)
|
99.1 (27.6)
|
|
ICU discharge
|
Hospital discharge
|
---|
Muscle power (W)
|
n = 26a
|
n = 33b
|
2 lbs
|
8.0 (2.89)
|
9.6 (3.5)
|
10% bodyweight
|
44.8 (22.6)
|
58.7 (30.6)
|
Muscle strength
|
MRC-ss (0–60)
|
47.1 (7.3) (n = 31)c
|
51.4 (5.7) (n = 35)e
|
RF HHD force (kg)
|
16.9 (5.3) (n = 24)d
|
19.8 (6.9) (n = 31)f
|
RF HHD RFD (seconds)
|
3.8 (1.1) (n = 24)d
|
3.6 (1.1) (n = 31)f
|
TA HHD (kg)
|
14.5 (5.2) (n = 24)d
|
15.6 (5.4) (n = 31)f
|
TA HHD RFD (seconds)
|
3.9 (1.2) (n = 24)d
|
3.7 (1.2) (n = 31)f
|
Handgrip (kg)
|
18.2 (9.1) (n = 26)a
|
21.7 (10.0) (n = 32)g
|
Physical function
|
SPPB
|
4.7 (3.9) (n = 26)a
|
5.9 (4.0) (n = 35)e
|
4-m gait speed (m/s)
|
0.49 (0.18) (n = 19)h
|
0.56 (0.27) (n = 31)f
|
5 × STS (seconds)
|
14.8 (5.6) (n = 13)i
|
18.9 (14.5) (n = 28)j
|
Balance
|
1.96 (1.4) (n = 19)h
|
2.3 (1.2) (n = 31)f
|
6 MWT distance (feet)
|
265 (182) (n = 26)a
|
455 (424) (n = 35)e
|
CFS
|
6.1 (1.5) (n = 36)
|
5.3 (1.7) (n = 36)
|
- TA = tibialis anterior muscle; RF = rectus femoris muscle; CSA = cross-sectional area, mT = muscle layer thickness; EI = echointensity; MRC-ss = Medical Research Council-sum score; VI = vastus intermedius muscle; HHD = handheld dynamometer; RFD = rate of force development; SPPB = short performance physical battery; 5 × STS = five-times sit-to-stand test; 6 MWT = six-minute walk test; W = watts; CFS = clinical frailty scale
- aTen patients unable to complete test: 4 patients unable to follow commands/poor cognition; 3 patients had < 3/5 strength; 2 were missed by assessor; and 1 patient was unable to maintain oxygen saturations > 10% of baseline with simple movement in bed;
- bThree unable to complete: 2 patients with < 3/5 strength and 1 patient unable to complete test: missed by assessor
- cFive patients unable to complete: 4 patients unable to follow commands/poor cognition, 1 patient declined due to pain
- dTwelve patients unable to complete test: patients reported in footnote b plus 2 patients fatigued after initial testing and physically were unable to perform HHD testing
- eOne patient declined due to pain
- fFive patients unable to complete: 2 with < 3/5 strength, 2 deferred to pain/fatigue, 1 patient missed by assessor
- gFour patients unable to complete: 2 with < 3/5 strength, 1 deferred to pain/fatigue, 1 patient missed by assessor
- hSeventeen patients unable to complete test: patients reported in footnote b plus 7 patients unable to stand for balance or walk 4 m without physical assistance
- iTwenty-three patients unable to complete test: patients reported in footnote b plus 13 patients unable to stand from chair in time allotted or without assistance
- jEight patients unable to complete: 2 with < 3/5 strength, 2 deferred to pain/fatigue, 1 patient missed by assessor, 3 patients could not perform without assistance