Table 1 Characteristics of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with coronavirus disease 2019
Characteristics | All | Corticosteroids | No corticosteroids | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 382 (100.0) | 226 (59.2) | 156 (40.8) | – |
Age (year) | 60.7 ± 14.1 | 59.1 ± 14.0 | 63.0 ± 14.0 | 0.0077 |
Male sex | 234 (61.3) | 150 (66.4) | 84 (53.8) | 0.0135 |
Smoking history | 35 (9.2) | 24 (10.6) | 11 (7.1) | 0.2347 |
Days from onset at hospital admission | 11.0 (8.0–15.0) | 10.0 (7.0–14.0) | 12.0 (9.0–16.5) | 0.0029 |
Medical history | ||||
 Chronic pulmonary disease | 20 (5.2) | 12 (5.3) | 8 (5.1) | 0.9376 |
 Hypertension | 136 (35.6) | 79 (35.0) | 57 (36.5) | 0.7508 |
 Diabetes | 67 (17.5) | 36 (15.9) | 31 (19.9) | 0.3193 |
 Chronic liver disease | 15 (3.9) | 11 (4.9) | 4 (2.6) | 0.2546 |
 Chronic renal disease | 6 (1.6) | 2 (0.9) | 4 (2.6) | 0.1945 |
 Cardiovascular disease | 28 (7.3) | 12 (5.3) | 16 (10.3) | 0.0682 |
 Malignant tumor | 12 (3.1) | 7 (3.1) | 5 (3.2) | 0.9527 |
 Hematological malignant tumor | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.7) | 0.8339 |
 Immunosuppressive conditions | 14 (3.7) | 9 (4.0) | 5 (3.2) | 0.6911 |
SOFA score at hospital admission | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 0.1383 |
Corticosteroid therapy before hospital admission | 40 (10.5) | 28 (12.4) | 12 (7.7) | 0.1405 |
Vital signs at hospital admission | ||||
 Temperature (°C) | 36.8 ± 0.7 | 36.9 ± 0.8 | 36.7 ± 0.5 | 0.0069 |
 Heart rate (min−1) | 90.9 ± 15.3 | 92.9 ± 16.3 | 88.0 ± 13.1 | 0.0018 |
 Respiratory rate (min−1) | 24.0 ± 6.3 | 24.5 ± 7.1 | 23.3 ± 5.0 | 0.0609 |
Laboratory findings | ||||
 Blood leukocyte count (× 109/L) | 8.1 (5.2–11.3) | 8.4 (5.1–11.7) | 7.5 (5.4–10.0) | 0.2593 |
 Lymphocyte count (× 109/L) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | < 0.0001 |
Neutrophil count (× 109/L) | 6.9 (4.0–10.2) | 7.4 (4.2–10.7) | 5.7 (4.0–8.7) | 0.0508 |
SpO2/FiO2 | 229.3 (175.5–352.4) | 218.6 (170.0–366.7) | 241.5 (184.0–332.8) | 0.2133 |
CRP (mg/L) | 89.0 (38.0–159.9) | 96.7 (45.9–160.0) | 68.7 (28.6–138.5) | 0.0026 |
D-dimer (mg/L) | 1.5 (0.7–8.0) | 1.5 (0.6–9.5) | 1.5 (0.7–7.1) | 0.9913 |
Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 409.0 (304.0–545.0) | 429.0 (320.0–569.0) | 386.5 (277.0–509.5) | 0.0124 |
 Bilateral involvement | 358 (93.7) | 214 (94.7) | 144 (92.3) | 0.3455 |
Severity of ARDSa | ||||
 Mild | 120 (31.4) | 60 (26.5) | 60 (38.5) | 0.0297 |
 Moderate | 157 (41.1) | 99 (43.8) | 58 (37.2) |  |
 Severe | 105 (27.5) | 67 (29.6) | 38 (24.4) |  |
Antivirus drugs | ||||
 Lopinavir | 91 (24.0) | 72 (31.9) | 19 (12.4) | < 0.0001 |
 Ganciclovir | 32 (8.4) | 19 (8.4) | 13 (8.5) | 0.9754 |
 Interferon | 103 (27.2) | 65 (28.8) | 38 (24.8) | 0.3994 |
 Oseltamivir | 64 (16.9) | 52 (23.0) | 12 (7.8) | 0.0001 |
 Antibiotics | 371 (97.1) | 224 (99.1) | 147 (94.2) | 0.0126 |
Respiratory support during hospital stay | ||||
 High-frequency oscillation ventilation | 146 (38.8) | 100 (45.2) | 46 (29.7) | 0.0023 |
 NIMV | 147 (38.5) | 104 (46.0) | 43 (27.6) | 0.0003 |
 IMV | 94 (24.6) | 59 (26.1) | 35 (22.4) | 0.4130 |
 ECMO | 11 (2.9) | 8 (3.5) | 3 (1.9) | 0.3530 |
Hyperglycemia | 32 (8.4) | 20 (8.8) | 12 (7.7) | 0.6882 |
In-hospital 60-day mortality | 203 (53.1) | 135 (59.7) | 68 (43.6) | 0.0019 |
In-hospital days for all patients | 12.0 (7.0–18.0) | 14.0 (9.0–21.0) | 10.0 (6.0–13.0) | < 0.0001 |
In-hospital days for survivors | 13.0 (10.0–19.0) | 16.0 (11.0–24.0) | 11.0 (8.5–15.0) | < 0.0001 |
Median survival time (days) | 18.0 (15.0–20.0) | 19.0 (15.0–21.0) | 15.0 (12.0–23.0) | 0.0239 |
Duration of viral shedding from symptom onset (days) | 18.0 (14.0–23.0) | 19.0 (14.0–23.0) | 18.0 (14.0–24.0) | 0.7217 |