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Table 3 Multivariate regression models in ICU patients for PDT attainment and odds ratio estimates for the association with the clinical outcomes (A) ICU LOS and (B) 30-day survival

From: Failure of target attainment of beta-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients and associated risk factors: a two-center prospective study (EXPAT)

Models and variables

ICU LOSa

OR (95% CI)

30-day survivalb

OR (95% CI)

Regression model, PDT: 100% ƒT > MIC

1.66 (1.19–2.32)

0.58 (0.19–1.66)

 Age (years)

0.99 (0.98–1.01)

1.02 (0.98–1.05)

 CRRT

2.08 (1.38–3.20)

0.41 (0.13–1.33)

 Sepsis

0.91 (0.61–1.37)

0.90 (0.30–2.86)

 Serum urea (mmol/L)

1.00 (0.99–1.02)

1.05 (0.99–1.11)

 SOFA score

1.00 (0.96–1.03)

0.95 (0.85–1.05)

 eGFR ≥ 90 (mL/min/1.73 m2)

1.67 (1.13–2.47)

1.97 (0.66–6.88)

Regression model, PDT: 100% ƒT > 4×MIC

1.26 (0.88–1.82)

1.24 (0.44–3.73)

 Age (years)

1.00 (0.98–1.01)

1.01 (0.98–1.05)

 CRRT

2.13 (1.39–3.34)

0.35 (0.11–1.11)

 Sepsis

0.89 (0.59–1.34)

0.91 (0.31–2.88)

 Serum urea (mmol/L)

1.01 (0.99–1.03)

1.04 (0.98–1.10)

 SOFA score

1.01 (0.97–1.05)

0.94 (0.84–1.05)

 eGFR ≥ 90 (mL/min/1.73 m2)

1.69 (1.12–2.56)

2.09 (0.66–7.22)

  1. The estimates are odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals. The numbers in bold are statistically significant. Statistical significance was accepted at p ≤ 0.05
  2. CRRT continuous renal replacement therapy, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ICU LOS intensive care unit length of stay, calculated from the start of study antibiotic until ICU discharge, PDT pharmacodynamic target, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment
  3. aNegative binomial regression model
  4. bBinary logistic regression model
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