Characteristics | Enrolled patients (n = 828) | Training cohort (n = 516) | External validation cohort 1 (n = 186) | External validation cohort 2 (n = 126) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | |||||
 Antiviral therapy | n (%) | 739 (89.25%) | 448 (86.82%) | 171 (91.94%) | 120 (95.24%) |
  Arbidol | n (%) | 595 (71.86%) | 384 (74.42%) | 161 (86.56%) | 50 (39.68%) |
  Oseltamivir | n (%) | 144 (17.39%) | 88 (17.05%) | 14 (7.53%) | 42 (33.33%) |
  Remdesivir | n (%) | 18 (2.17%) | 12 (2.33%) | 4 (2.15%) | 2 (15.9%) |
  Ritonavir/lopinavir | n (%) | 143 (17.27%) | 98 (18.99%) | 33 (17.74%) | 12 (9.52%) |
 Antibiotics | n (%) | 657 (79.35%) | 416 (80.62%) | 123 (66.13%) | 118 (93.65%) |
 Antifungal therapy | n (%) | 34 (41.06%) | 24 (4.65%) | 9 (4.84%) | 1 (0.79%) |
 Corticosteroids | n (%) | 375 (45.29%) | 201 (38.95%) | 71 (38.17%) | 103 (81.75%) |
 Gamma globulin | n (%) | 228 (27.54%) | 121 (23.45%) | 25 (13.44%) | 82 (65.08%) |
 Hydroxychloroquine | n (%) | 57 (6.88%) | 37 (7.17%) | 7 (3.76%) | 13 (10.32%) |
 Vasopressors | n (%) | 153 (18.48%) | 91 (17.64%) | 37 (19.89%) | 25 (19.84%) |
 Oxygen therapy | n (%) | 681 (82.25%) | 421 (81.59%) | 160 (86.02%) | 100 (79.37%) |
 Mechanical ventilation | n (%) | 149 (18.00%) | 90 (17.44%) | 32 (17.20%) | 27 (21.43%) |
 Invasive mechanical ventilation | n (%) | 75 (9.06%) | 54 (10.47%) | 19 (10.22%) | 2 (1.58%) |
 Continuous renal replacement therapy | n (%) | 32 (3.86%) | 20 (3.88%) | 11 (5.91%) | 1 (0.79%) |
Outcomes | |||||
 ICU admission | n (%) | 100 (12.08%) | 61 (11.82%) | 27 (14.52%) | 12 (9.52%) |
 Discharged | n (%) | 682 (82.37%) | 420 (81.40%) | 156 (83.87%) | 106 (84.13%) |
 Decreased | n (%) | 146 (17.63%) | 96 (18.60%) | 30 (16.13%) | 20 (15.87%) |
 Illness onset to death, days | Median (IQR) | 20.0 (14.0–26.0) | 20.0 (14.0–28.0) | 22.0 (16.5–36.3) | 21.0 (13.8–23.8) |
 Mortality rate | % (95% CI) | 17.63% (15.19–20.38%) | 18.60% (15.48–22.19%) | 16.13% (11.54–22.09%) | 15.87% (10.52–23.25%) |
Proximate causes of death in 146 patients | |||||
 ARDS | 143 (97.95%) | ||||
 Heart failure or acute cardiac injury | 40 (27.40%) | ||||
 Acute renal injury | 32 (21.92%) | ||||
 Acute liver injury | 15 (10.27%) | ||||
 Septic shock | 31 (21.23%) | ||||
 Acute pulmonary embolism | 2 (1.37%) | ||||
 Gastrointestinal bleeding | 5 (3.42%) |