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Table 2 Treatment and complications of 828 patients with COVID-19

From: Development and validation of a risk factor-based system to predict short-term survival in adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a multicenter, retrospective, cohort study

Characteristics

Enrolled patients (n = 828)

Training cohort (n = 516)

External validation cohort 1 (n = 186)

External validation cohort 2 (n = 126)

Treatment

 Antiviral therapy

n (%)

739 (89.25%)

448 (86.82%)

171 (91.94%)

120 (95.24%)

  Arbidol

n (%)

595 (71.86%)

384 (74.42%)

161 (86.56%)

50 (39.68%)

  Oseltamivir

n (%)

144 (17.39%)

88 (17.05%)

14 (7.53%)

42 (33.33%)

  Remdesivir

n (%)

18 (2.17%)

12 (2.33%)

4 (2.15%)

2 (15.9%)

  Ritonavir/lopinavir

n (%)

143 (17.27%)

98 (18.99%)

33 (17.74%)

12 (9.52%)

 Antibiotics

n (%)

657 (79.35%)

416 (80.62%)

123 (66.13%)

118 (93.65%)

 Antifungal therapy

n (%)

34 (41.06%)

24 (4.65%)

9 (4.84%)

1 (0.79%)

 Corticosteroids

n (%)

375 (45.29%)

201 (38.95%)

71 (38.17%)

103 (81.75%)

 Gamma globulin

n (%)

228 (27.54%)

121 (23.45%)

25 (13.44%)

82 (65.08%)

 Hydroxychloroquine

n (%)

57 (6.88%)

37 (7.17%)

7 (3.76%)

13 (10.32%)

 Vasopressors

n (%)

153 (18.48%)

91 (17.64%)

37 (19.89%)

25 (19.84%)

 Oxygen therapy

n (%)

681 (82.25%)

421 (81.59%)

160 (86.02%)

100 (79.37%)

 Mechanical ventilation

n (%)

149 (18.00%)

90 (17.44%)

32 (17.20%)

27 (21.43%)

 Invasive mechanical ventilation

n (%)

75 (9.06%)

54 (10.47%)

19 (10.22%)

2 (1.58%)

 Continuous renal replacement therapy

n (%)

32 (3.86%)

20 (3.88%)

11 (5.91%)

1 (0.79%)

Outcomes

 ICU admission

n (%)

100 (12.08%)

61 (11.82%)

27 (14.52%)

12 (9.52%)

 Discharged

n (%)

682 (82.37%)

420 (81.40%)

156 (83.87%)

106 (84.13%)

 Decreased

n (%)

146 (17.63%)

96 (18.60%)

30 (16.13%)

20 (15.87%)

 Illness onset to death, days

Median (IQR)

20.0 (14.0–26.0)

20.0 (14.0–28.0)

22.0 (16.5–36.3)

21.0 (13.8–23.8)

 Mortality rate

% (95% CI)

17.63% (15.19–20.38%)

18.60% (15.48–22.19%)

16.13% (11.54–22.09%)

15.87% (10.52–23.25%)

Proximate causes of death in 146 patients

 ARDS

143 (97.95%)

 Heart failure or acute cardiac injury

40 (27.40%)

 Acute renal injury

32 (21.92%)

 Acute liver injury

15 (10.27%)

 Septic shock

31 (21.23%)

 Acute pulmonary embolism

2 (1.37%)

 Gastrointestinal bleeding

5 (3.42%)