Characteristics | Enrolled patients (n = 828) | Training cohort (n = 516) | External validation cohort 1 (n = 186) | External validation cohort 2 (n = 126) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survivors (n = 420) | Non-survivors (n = 96) | Survivors (n = 156) | Non-survivors (n = 30) | Survivors (n = 106) | Non-survivors (n = 20) | |||
Female | n (%) | 381 (46.01%) | 207 (49.29%) | 24 (25.00%) | 82 (52.56%) | 12 (40.00%) | 50 (47.17%) | 6 (30.00%) |
Male | n (%) | 447 (53.99%) | 213 (50.71%) | 72 (75.00%) | 74 (47.44%) | 18 (60.00%) | 56 (52.83%) | 14 (70.00%) |
Age (years) | Median (IQR) | 62.0 (51.0–69.0) | 59.0 (48.0–67.0) | 67.0 (61.0–73.8) | 63.0 (52.0–69.0) | 68.0 (63.8–76.5) | 57 (40.8–67.0) | 65.0 (61.5–84.5) |
 ≤ 50 | n (%) | 200 (24.15%) | 123 (29.29%) | 4 (4.17%) | 33 (21.15%) | 1 (3.33%) | 36 (33.96%) | 3 (15.00%) |
 51–60 | n (%) | 185 (22.34%) | 102 (24.29%) | 18 (18.75%) | 38 (24.36%) | 1 (3.33%) | 25 (23.58%) | 1 (5.00%) |
 61–70 | n (%) | 276 (33.33%) | 118 (28.10%) | 41 (42.71%) | 57 (36.54%) | 16 (53.33%) | 36 (33.96%) | 8 (40.00%) |
 > 70 | n (%) | 167 (20.17%) | 77 (18.33%) | 33 (34.38%) | 28 (17.95%) | 12 (40.00%) | 9 (8.49%) | 8 (40.00%) |
Symptoms onset to admission, days | Median (IQR) | 10.0 (7.0–13.0) | 10.0 (7.0–13.0) | 10.0 (7.0–13.0) | 12.0 (9.0–15.0) | 12.0 (7.8–15.0) | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 7.0 (5.3–10.8) |
Symptoms | ||||||||
 Fever | n (%) | 704 (85.02%) | 374 (89.05%) | 80 (83.33%) | 128 (82.05%) | 20 (66.67%) | 85 (80.19%) | 17 (85.00%) |
 Cough | n (%) | 565 (68.24%) | 291 (69.29%) | 62 (64.58%) | 98 (62.82%) | 21 (70.00%) | 78 (73.58%) | 15 (75.00%) |
 Weakness | n (%) | 436 (52.66%) | 238 (56.67%) | 65 (67.71%) | 62 (39.74%) | 16 (53.33%) | 47 (44.34%) | 8 (40.00%) |
 Shortness of breath | n (%) | 268 (32.37%) | 146 (34.76%) | 33 (34.38%) | 38 (24.36%) | 4 (13.33%) | 35 (33.02%) | 12 (60.00%) |
 Dyspnea | n (%) | 246 (29.71%) | 115 (27.38%) | 40 (41.67%) | 42 (26.92%) | 15 (50.00%) | 21 (19.81%) | 13 (65.00%) |
 Myalgia | n (%) | 193 (23.31%) | 104 (24.76%) | 26 (27.08%) | 33 (21.15%) | 11 (36.67%) | 19 (17.92%) | 0 |
 Anorexia | n (%) | 163 (19.69%) | 89 (21.19%) | 28 (29.17%) | 19 (12.18%) | 3 (10.00%) | 21 (19.81%) | 3 (15.00%) |
 Diarrhea | n (%) | 126 (15.22%) | 69 (16.43%) | 17 (17.71%) | 21 (13.46%) | 4 (13.33%) | 13 (12.26%) | 2 (10.00%) |
 Mild | n (%) | 289 (34.90%) | 134 (31.90%) | 0 | 75 (48.08%) | 1 (3.33%) | 77 (72.64%) | 2 (10.00%) |
 Severely ill | n (%) | 539 (65.10%) | 286 (68.10%) | 96 (100.00%) | 81 (51.92%) | 29 (96.67%) | 29 (27.36%) | 18 (90.00%) |
Comorbidities | ||||||||
 Any | n (%) | 374 (45.17%) | 162 (38.57%) | 48 (50.00%) | 82 (52.56%) | 21 (70.00%) | 48 (45.28%) | 13 (65.00%) |
 Hypertension | n (%) | 259 (31.28%) | 107 (25.48%) | 31 (32.29%) | 53 (33.97%) | 16 (53.33%) | 35 (33.02%) | 12 (60.00%) |
 Diabetes | n (%) | 134 (16.18%) | 60 (14.29%) | 16 (16.67%) | 32 (20.51%) | 9 (30.00%) | 12 (11.32%) | 5 (25.00%) |
 Chronic cardiac disease | n (%) | 106 (12.80%) | 53 (12.62%) | 14 (14.58%) | 19 (12.18%) | 8 (26.67%) | 8 (7.55%) | 4 (20.00%) |
 Cerebrovascular disease | n (%) | 26 (3.14%) | 6 (1.43%) | 4 (4.17%) | 5 (3.21%) | 5 (16.67%) | 2 (1.89%) | 4 (20.00%) |
 Chronic hepatic disease | n (%) | 23 (2.78%) | 13 (3.10%) | 3 (3.13%) | 4 (2.56%) | 1 (3.33%) | 2 (1.89%) | 0 |
 Chronic respiratory disease | n (%) | 25 (3.02%) | 11 (2.62%) | 3 (3.13%) | 8 (5.13%) | 0 | 3 (2.83%) | 0 |
 Chronic renal disease | n (%) | 18 (2.17%) | 6 (1.43%) | 3 (3.13%) | 3 (1.92%) | 4 (13.33%) | 1 (0.94%) | 1 (5.00%) |
 A history of malignancy | n (%) | 27 (3.26%) | 16 (3.81%) | 5 (5.21%) | 1 (0.64%) | 3 (10.00%) | 2 (1.89%) | 0 |