Table 1 Characteristics of C. difficile infection (CDI) and C. difficile-negative (CDN) patients with enteral nutrition (EN) admitted to ICU
Characteristics | CDI (n = 18) | CDN (n = 145) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
N (%)/median (IQR) | N (%)/median (IQR) | ||
Demographics | |||
 Female | 6 (33.3) | 62 (42.8) | 0.444 |
 Age, years | 66 (57.75–73.75) | 48 (37–64) | 0.021* |
 Duration of hospitalization (days) | 30 (27.75–50.75) | 20 (14–32) | 0.001** |
 In-hospital mortality | 1 (5.6) | 17 (11.7) | 0.697 |
 Surgical intervention in previous 6 months | 5 (27.8) | 32 (22.1) | 0.805 |
Clinical features | |||
 CCI | 2.5 (1–5) | 2 (1–3) | 0.015* |
 Comorbidities by category | |||
  Gastrointestinal disease | 0 (0) | 18 (12.4) | 0.236 |
  Liver disease | 5 (27.8) | 52 (35.9) | 0.498 |
  Gall bladder, biliary tract, or pancreatic disease | 13 (72.2) | 110 (75.9) | 0.962 |
  Respiratory disease | 3 (16.7) | 26 (17.9) | 1.000 |
  Cardiovascular disease | 5 (27.8) | 55 (37.9) | 0.400 |
  Renal disease | 5 (27.8) | 18 (12.4) | 0.159 |
  Neurologic disease | 0 (0) | 5 (3.4) | 0.940 |
  Malignancy | 1 (5.6) | 7 (4.8) | 1.000 |
  Hematologic or immunologic disorders | 2 (11.1) | 20 (13.8) | 1.000 |
  Metabolic disorders | 9 (50) | 91 (62.8) | 0.294 |
 Clinical common underlying disease | |||
  Diabetes | 4 (22.2) | 31 (21.4) | 1.000 |
  Fatty liver | 4 (22.2) | 41 (28.3) | 0.588 |
  Hypertension | 2 (11.1) | 42 (29) | 0.184 |
  History of cerebral infarction | 4 (22.2) | 5 (3.4) | 0.006** |
 Laboratory results | |||
  Leukocyte count (× 109/L) | 11.44 (8.32–13.86) | 11.63 (8.53–15.31) | 0.781 |
  Serum albumin (g/L) | 30 (26–33.5) | 32 (28–36) | 0.047* |
  Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 70 (54.8–177) | 71 (55–134) | 0.470 |
  Blood glucose (mmol/L) | 11.64 (9.71–13.27) | 9.57 (6.95–12.98) | 0.405 |
In-hospital medications | |||
 Tube type | |||
  Nasogastric | 5 (27.8) | 29 (20) | 0.320 |
  Nasojejunal | 12 (66.7) | 114 (78.6) | |
  Others# | 1 (5.6) | 2 (1.4) | |
 Formula use | |||
  Semi-elemental | 14 (77.8) | 107 (73.8) | 0.937 |
  Polymeric | 4 (22.2) | 38 (26.2) | |
 PPI use | 16 (88.9) | 138 (95.2) | 0.580 |
 Antibiotics | |||
  3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins | 9 (50) | 97 (66.9) | 0.156 |
  Carbapenems | 15 (83.3) | 89 (61.4) | 0.068 |
  Metronidazole | 5 (27.8) | 78 (63.2) | 0.037* |
  Vancomycin | 6 (33.3) | 49 (34) | 0.953 |
  Fluoroquinolones | 5 (27.8) | 26 (17.9) | 0.493 |
  Linezolid | 2 (11.1) | 20 (13.8) | 1.000 |
  Aminoglycoside | 1 (5.6) | 10 (6.9) | 1.000 |
  Tetracycline | 2 (11.1) | 9 (6.2) | 0.776 |
  Antifungal agents | 3 (16.7) | 26 (17.9) | 1.000 |
  Antiviral drugs | 0 (0) | 8 (5.6) | 0.654 |
 Number of antibiotics received | |||
  1~2 | 9 (50) | 74 (51) | 0.895 |
  3~4 | 7 (38.9) | 50 (34.5) | |
  ≥ 5 | 2 (11.1) | 21 (14.5) | |