Table 1 Baseline characteristics
From: Prone positioning in severe ARDS requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
All (n = 158) | Prone (n = 38) | Supine (n = 120) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Age (years) | 54.5 (41.8–64.0) | 51.5 (38.5–64.0) | 55.5 (44.0–64.0) | 0.549 |
Sex (male) | 106 (67.1%) | 28 (73.7%) | 78 (65.0%) | 0.321 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 (22.9–28.8) | 24.8 (24.0–28.7) | 24.4 (22.9–28.9) | 0.566 |
Underlying pulmonary disease | 55 (34.8%) | 12 (31.6%) | 43 (35.8%) | 0.631 |
COPD | 11 (7.0%) | 1 (2.6%) | 10 (8.3%) | 0.229 |
Asthma | 10 (6.3%) | 1 (2.6%) | 9 (7.5%) | 0.283 |
Lung fibrosis | 18 (11.4%) | 5 (13.2%) | 13 (10.8%) | 0.694 |
Cystic fibrosis | 7 (4.4%) | 2 (5.3%) | 5 (4.2%) | 0.775 |
LTOT | 11 (7.0%) | 1 (2.6%) | 10 (8.3%) | 0.229 |
Pulmonary hypertension | 6 (3.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (5.0%) | 0.160 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Nicotine abuse | 47 (29.7%) | 9 (23.7%) | 38 (31.7%) | 0.348 |
Hypertension | 49 (31.0%) | 10 (26.3%) | 39 (32.5%) | 0.473 |
Diabetes mellitus | 24 (15.2%) | 6 (15.8%) | 18 (15.0%) | 0.906 |
CAD | 20 (12.7%) | 5 (13.2%) | 15 (12.5%) | 0.915 |
Chronic renal failure | 12 (7.6%) | 6 (15.8%) | 6 (5.0%) | 0.029 |
Chronic haemodialysis | 2 (1.3%) | 1 (2.6%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.388 |
Liver cirrhosis/hepatitis | 17 (10.8%) | 3 (7.9%) | 14 (11.7%) | 0.513 |
Immunosuppression | 57 (36.1%) | 13 (34.2%) | 44 (36.7%) | 0.783 |
Procedural characteristics | ||||
Oxygenation pre-ECMO | ||||
FiO2 (%) | 100 (80–100) | 90 (80–100) | 100 (80–100) | 0.233 |
Horowitz index (mmHg) | 77.1 (63.1–107.1) | 77.6 (60.1–105.2) | 76.8 (63.2–109.0) | 0.828 |
D(A-a)O2 (mmHg) | 531 (419–592) | 492 (416–579) | 542 (418–595) | 0.369 |
Duration of MV before ECMO (days) | 1.3 (0.3–5.0) | 2.2 (0.2–7.6) | 1.1 (0.3–3.5) | 0.133 |
Prone positioning before ECMO | 26 (16.5%) | 7 (18.4%) | 19 (15.8%) | 0.708 |
Acute renal failure | 50 (31.6%) | 13 (34.2%) | 37 (30.8%) | 0.696 |
Scores | ||||
SOFA score | 14.0 (11.0–16.0) | 13.0 (11.0–15.0) | 14.0 (11.0–16.8) | 0.146 |
APACHE II score | 26.0 (21.8–32.0) | 24.0 (22.8–28.3) | 27.0 (20.3–32.0) | 0.364 |
RESP score | 1 (− 2.0–2.0) | 0 (− 3.0–2.0) | 1.0 (− 2.0–2.0) | 0.702 |
Causes of ARDS | ||||
Pneumonia | 116 (73.4%) | 33 (86.8%) | 83 (69.2%) | 0.032 |
Aspiration | 15 (9.5%) | 2 (5.3%) | 13 (10.8%) | 0.307 |
Inhalation injury | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.572 |
Drowning | 2 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.7%) | 0.423 |
Autoimmune injury | 10 (6.3%) | 2 (5.3%) | 8 (6.7%) | 0.757 |
Sepsis | 10 (6.3%) | 1 (2.6%) | 9 (7.5%) | 0.283 |
Pancreatitis | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.572 |
Other injuries | 3 (1.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (2.5%) | 0.325 |
Pulmonary pathogen spectrum | ||||
Bacterial | 62 (39.2%) | 16 (42.1%) | 46 (38.3%) | 0.678 |
Viral | 30 (19.0%) | 13 (34.2%) | 17 (14.2%) | 0.006 |
Fungal | 27 (17.1%) | 14 (36.8%) | 13 (10.8%) | < 0.001 |
Pneumocystis jirovecii | 11 (7.0%) | 7 (18.4%) | 4 (3.3%) | 0.001 |