Fig. 2
From: Update of the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in the ICU
PANNUCI algorithm. From empirical to targeted treatment on nosocomial pneumonia in ICU. After analyzing the onset, the previous use of antimicrobials or clinical condition (vHAP or VAP), empirical antimicrobial therapy is chosen based on risk factors, previous colonization, local flora and/or use of rapid techniques. Therefore, targeted therapy is selected depending on the type of microorganism isolated and the possible advantages of one antimicrobial over others. AT, antimicrobial therapy; vHAP, ventilated hospital-acquired pneumonia; VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia; MDR, multidrug-resistant; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; CFT/TAZ, ceftolozane/tazobactam; CAZ/AVI, ceftazidime/avibactam; PIP/TAZ, piperacillin/tazobactam; AMG, aminoglycoside; AZT, aztreonam; EAT, empirical antimicrobial treatment; TAT, targeted antimicrobial treatment; OXA-48, OXA-48 carbapenemase; KPC, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase; R, resistance. *If Oxa-48 susceptible to CAZ/AVI