Fig. 3

Change in antimicrobial resistance phenotype stratified by receipt of antibiotics. The vertical axis for each panel shows the number of patients who did (red) or did not (blue) test positive for resistance within an antibiotic class category. This data is then stratified on the horizontal axis by whether antibiotics within that same category were received (e.g., β-lactam resistance and receipt of β-lactam antibiotics). The panels are for a Gram-negative bacteria with β-lactam resistance, b vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), and c methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In all panels, data is shown based on testing done after 72 h in the ICU for individuals that tested negative at admission. p values are for Fisher’s test, comparing resistance after 72 h based on receipt of antibiotics within the relevant category