Table 1 Sepsis biomarkers, except for C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT), that have been evaluated for their diagnostic value in clinical studies with more than 300 subjects

Interleukin (IL)-27 [10]

Positive blood cultures

Pediatric ICU patients with infection

Non-infected critical care patients

84/63

0.75

Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins [11]

Positive blood cultures

Neonates with sepsis

Neonates with risk factors for sepsis

89/99

0.9

Group II phospholipase A2 [12]

ACCP 1992

ED patients with sepsis

ED patients with suspected infection (with and without SIRS)

NR (logistic regression analysis)

NR

Bactericidal/permeability increasing protein [12]

ACCP 1992

ED with sepsis

ED patients with suspected infection (with and without SIRS)

NR (logistic regression analysis)

NR

CD64 [13]

International Sepsis Definitions Conference 2001

Non-selected ICU population with sepsis

ICU patients admitted without sepsis

89/87

0.94

Selenoprotein P [14]

ACCP 1992

Non-selected population with sepsis or septic shock

Healthy individuals

NR (no test)

NR

Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein [15]

ACCP 1992

Surgical patients without sepsis at admission

Surgical patients with SIRS without sepsis

60/62

0.66

Syndecan-1 [16]

International Sepsis Definitions Conference 2001

Trauma patients (4 h after admission) without sepsis

Trauma patients without sepsis

NR (logistic regression analysis)

NR

Presepsin [17]

Sepsis-3

ICU patients with sepsis

ICU patients without sepsis

89/59

0.76

IL-6 [18]

SIRS and organ dysfunction, systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg, or lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L plus infection

ED patients with suspected sepsis

ED patients with SIRS and organ dysfunction, systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg, or lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L without infection

NR

0.86