Table 1 Patient characteristics
Total cohort (n = 184) | Transient AKI (n = 100) | Persistent AKI (n = 84) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic data | ||||
Age (years) | 69 [58–79] | 67 [55–77] | 71 [61–81] | 0.1 |
Male | 122 (66) | 66 (66) | 56 (67) | 0.9 |
Hypertension | 93 (49) | 57 (57) | 36 (43) | 0.07 |
Diabetes mellitus | 51 (28) | 28 (28) | 23 (27) | 0.9 |
Congestive heart failure | 15 (8) | 6 (6) | 9 (9) | 0.2 |
Chronic kidney disease | 23 (12) | 10 (10) | 13 (15) | 0.3 |
Historical serum creatinine concentration (μmol/l) | 80 [69–97] | 77 [65–88] | 87 [71–97] | 0.03 |
Historical eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 77 [72–98] | 79 [74–103] | 76 [67–89] | 0.03 |
Mode of admission | ||||
Medical admission | 168 (91) | 92 (92) | 76 (90) | 0.1 |
Ward | 48 (26) | 22 (22) | 26 (31) | 0.2 |
Emergency room | 82 (45) | 48 (48) | 34 (40) | 0.3 |
Direct admission to ICU | 30 (16) | 20 (20) | 10 (12) | 0.1 |
Transferred from another center | 24 (13) | 10 (10) | 14 (17) | 0.2 |
Primary source of sepsis | ||||
Pulmonary | 105 (57) | 58 (58) | 47 (56) | 0.8 |
Urinary | 22 (12) | 13 (13) | 9 (11) | 0.6 |
Intra-abdominal | 37 (20) | 17 (17) | 20 (24) | 0.2 |
Soft tissue | 15 (8) | 6 (6) | 9 (11) | 0.2 |
Germ identification | 112 (61) | 60 (60) | 52 (62) | 0.8 |
Gram-negative/Gram-positive | 65/50 | 33/27 | 32/23 | 0.7 |
ICU management | ||||
Time from vasopressor initiation to inclusion (h) | 1.0 [0.0–3.0] | 2.0 [0.0–3.5] | 1.0 [0.0–3.0] | 0.2 |
Perfusion fluid received before inclusion (ml/kg) | 13.3 [5.8–21.0] | 14.4 [5.1–19.8] | 12.3 [5.9–23.2] | 0.9 |
Contrast agent exposure before inclusion | 36 (20) | 20 (20) | 16 (19) | 0.9 |
Norepinephrine dose at inclusion (μg/kg/min) | 0.36 [0.19–0.75] | 0.32 [0.19–0.55] | 0.46 [0.19–0.90] | 0.05 |
SAPS II score | 55 [42–69] | 50 [39–60] | 61 [50–75] | < 0.001 |
Baseline SOFA score | 10 [8–12] | 9 [8–11] | 11 [9–13] | < 0.001 |
Baseline SOFA without renal component | 8 [7–10] | 8 [6–10] | 9 [7–11] | 0.01 |
Baseline lactate concentration (mmol/l) | 2.0 [1.4–3.5] | 1.8 [1.3–3.1] | 2.6 [1.5–4.1] | 0.007 |
Mechanical ventilation | 101 (55) | 50 (50) | 51 (61) | 0.1 |
Use of loop diuretics at 24 h | 10 (5) | 6 (6) | 4 (5) | 0.6 |
Perfusion fluid at 24 h (ml/kg) | 33.3 [14.3–57.2] | 31.5 [14.3–57.8] | 33.8 [14.8–57.2] | 0.7 |
Fluid balance at 24 h (ml/kg) | 9.7 [− 12.7–33.1] | 0.7 [− 18.8–21.7] | 23.1 [− 1.5–49.3] | < 0.001 |
Fluid overload (> 10%) at 24 h | 92 (50) | 36 (36) | 56 (67) | < 0.001 |
Norepinephrine dose at 24 h (μg/kg/min) | 0.18 [0.04–0.72] | 0.13 [0.02–0.36] | 0.45 [0.09–1.15] | < 0.001 |
Fluid balance at 48 h (ml/kg) | 0.8 [− 30.7–33.1] | − 17.6 [− 42.8–14.5] | 22.1 [− 8.3–55.3] | < 0.001 |
Fluid overload (> 10%) at 48 h | 78 (42) | 29 (29) | 49 (58) | < 0.001 |
Kidney function | ||||
Baseline urine output (ml/kg/h) | 0.59 [0.27–1.10] | 0.83 [0.52–1.65] | 0.31 [0.13–0.62] | < 0.001 |
Baseline serum creatinine concentration (μmol/l) | 150 [111–216] | 133 [107–178] | 183 [120–239] | 0.002 |
Baseline serum urea concentration (mmol/l) | 13.7 [9.2–19.2] | 12.7 [9.0–18.1] | 15.0 [9.9–21.2] | 0.1 |
Urine output at 24 h (ml/kg/h) | 0.72 [0.34–1.33] | 1.08 [0.65–1.51] | 0.43 [0.06–0.84] | < 0.001 |
KDIGO stage at inclusion | 0.01 | |||
Mild AKI | 94 (51) | 61 (61) | 33 (39) | |
Moderate AKI | 55 (30) | 24 (24) | 31 (37) | |
Severe AKI | 35 (19) | 15 (15) | 20 (24) | |
Serum creatinine concentration at 24 h (μmol/l)* | 121 [86–180] | 95 [75–125] | 181 [140–258] | < 0.001 |
Kinetic eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2)* | 55 [35–89] | 76 [54–95] | 28 [15–49] | < 0.001 |
Renal replacement therapy within 72 h | 30 (16) | 2 (2) | 28 (33) | < 0.001 |
Outcome | ||||
In-ICU mortality | 55 (30) | 14 (14) | 41 (49) | < 0.001 |
Mortality at D28 | 54 (29) | 14 (14) | 40 (48) | < 0.001 |