Table 1 The characteristics of the included studies
First author (name, year) | Country | Age | Sample size | N (us-guided) | N (palpation) | Clinical setting | Operator experience | Ultrasound device | Ultrasound approach |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Schwemmer 2006 [20] | Germany | Small children 6 m to 9 yr, average 40 ± 33 m | 30 | 15 | 15 | Operating room for major neurosurgery | More than 20 catheterizations | Sonos 5000 (Hewlett-Packard, Andover, MA, USA) 15 MHz | Short-axis out-of-plane |
Ganesh 2009 [17] | USA | Elder children < 18 yr, 99.1 ± 69.3 m/99.6 ± 71.6 m | 152 | 72 | 80 | Operating room undergoing several surgeries | Fewer than 10 cases of us-guided technique | SonoSite 180plus (SonoSite, Bothell, WA, USA) 5–10 MHz | Short-axis out-of-plane |
Ishii 2013 [16] | Japan | Small children and infants 18.4 m (7–28 m) | 59 | 59 | 59 | Operating room undergoing cardiac surgery | Familiar with the us-guided technique for catheterization | SonoSite 180 (SonoSite, Bothell, WA, USA) 2–7 MHz | Short-axis out-of-plane |
Liu 2013 [21] | China | Small children 1–3 yr | 60 | 30 | 30 | Operating room undergoing surgery | Not reported | SonoSite 180 (SonoSite, Bothell, WA, USA) 6–13MHz | Not reported |
Tan 2015 [19] | Singapore | Small children 6–24 m | 40 | 20 | 20 | Operating room undergoing surgery | Not reported | SonoSite 180 (SonoSite, Bothell, WA, USA) 6–13MHz | Not reported |
Anantasit 2017 [18] | Thailand | Small children (20 m, 6–60 m or 32 m, 7–93 m) | 84 | 41 | 43 | Pediatric intensive care unit | More than 10 cases of both techniques | M-Turbo ultrasound system (SonoSite, Inc., Bothell, USA) 8–12 MHz | Short-axis |
Min 2019 [15] | South Korea | Infants < 12 m | 74 | 37 | 37 | Operating room undergoing cardiac surgery | More than 50 cases of us-guided catheterization | Philips iE33 L15-7io (Philips Healthcare, Seattle, WA, USA) 7–15 MHz | Short-axis |